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Clinicopathologic significance and prognostic value of circRNAs in osteosarcoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research volume 16, Article number: 578 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent malignant osseous sarcoma in children and adolescents, whose prognosis is still relatively poor nowadays. Recent studies have shown the critical function and potential clinical applications of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in osteosarcoma. Our review aimed to perform an updated meta-analysis to explore their clinicopathologic significance and prognostic value.

Methods

The structured literature was conducted via eight electronic databases and four gray literature sources until 20 Feb 2021 to identify eligible studies. The data was extracted directly from the articles or reconstructed based on Kaplan-Meier curves. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) tool was used to assess study quality. The clinicopathologic significance of circRNAs was measured through odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), while the prognostic value was evaluated through hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% CIs of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. Sensitivity analyses were conducted. Subgroup analyses were performed according to study characteristics. An additional analysis was performed to investigate the relation between circ_0002052 and osteosarcoma.

Results

Fifty-two studies were identified, in which 38 on clinicopathologic features and 36 on survival prognosis were included in quantitative analysis. The overall study quality was moderate with a median NOS score of 5.5 stars (range 3 to 8). For clinicopathologic features, dysregulated circRNAs were related to larger tumor size (OR 2.122, 95%CI 1.418–3.175), advanced clinical stage (OR 2.847, 95%CI 2.059–3.935), and present of metastasis (OR 2.630, 95%CI 1.583–4.371). For chemotherapy, dysregulated circRNAs suggest a better response (OR 0.443, 95%CI 0.231–0.849), but a higher probability of resistance (OR 9.343, 95%CI 5.352–16.309). For survival prognosis, dysregulated circRNAs were significantly correlated with poor OS (HR 2.437, 95%CI 2.224–2.670) and DFS (HR 2.125, 95%CI 1.621–2.786). The results did not show differences among subgroups. Higher circ_0002052 expression showed a relation with poor OS (HR 3.197, 95%CI 2.054–4.976).

Conclusions

Our review demonstrated that abnormally expressed circRNAs have a relation with advanced clinicopathologic features and better response, but a higher probability of resistance and poor survival prognosis in osteosarcoma patients. However, more studies are encouraged to provide more robust evidence to translate circRNAs into clinical practice.

Trial registration

PROSPERO ID: CRD42021235031

Background

Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor characterized by neoplastic bone formation directly from tumor cells [1], which presents the most common primary osseous sarcoma in children and adolescents [2]. The diagnostic work-up of osteosarcoma usually started with radiological examinations for detecting the local diseases, followed by checkup for distant metastases, and finalized with a biopsy to reach a histology diagnosis [2,3,4]. Although this approach can guide the clinician to an appropriate treatment plan, the 5-year survival rate is still unsatisfying and the etiology of osteosarcoma remains unclear [1, 5]. Current clinicopathologic features and regular tests show potentials in patient prognosis prediction [6], but are unable to reveal the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. Therefore, it is urgent to identify new biomarkers related to prognosis and clinicopathologic features.

With the development of sequencing technologies, several non-coding RNAs were discovered. Non-coding RNAs participate and regulate the transcription and translation of genes and sometimes play significant roles during dysregulated gene expression in cancer [7, 8]. Circular RNA (circRNA) is one of the non-coding RNAs with a closed loop that is generated by the back-splicing of pre-RNA with covalent bonding in between, functions as a sponge for microRNA, or directly regulates transcription and interfering with splicing mechanisms [9]. Studies have shown that circRNA can serve as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers [10,11,12]. Further, circRNA may be a more detectable biomarker for cancer, since it has the characteristics of a stable structure that is resistant to degradation by most RNA decay machinery [13,14,15].

The relation between circRNAs and osteosarcoma has been present in several reviews [16,17,18,19,20]. CircRNAs play oncogenic roles or show tumor-suppressive effects in the pathogenesis and progression of osteosarcoma including cell apoptosis, invasion, growth, differentiation, and migration. They are also involved in malignant phenotypes of osteosarcoma, such as treatment resistance and metastasis. Further quantitative analysis showed the potential of circRNAs in clinical implication as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers [21, 22]. However, the previous meta-analyses included a number of studies that did not analyze the relation between circRNAs and treatment response and failed to pool repeatably studied circRNAs. Therefore, our systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a more up-to-date and comprehensive summary of the clinicopathologic significance and prognostic value of circRNAs in osteosarcoma.

Methods

Protocol and registry

The reporting of our review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement and several extensions [23]. A checklist was presented as Additional file 1. A protocol has been drafted before our review started and has been registered and updated on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) [24] as CRD42021235031.

Literature search

Our systematic literature search was performed by two independent reviewers until 20 Feb 2021 following the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (PRESS) guideline [25]. We searched eight electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, SinoMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WanFang databases, as well as four gray literature sources namely OpenGrey, British Library Inside, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, and BIOSIS preview. A search string was firstly developed in PubMed using two key terms, namely circular RNA and osteosarcoma in free words, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and/or Emtree words. The search string used in PubMed was (“RNA, Circular”[Mesh] OR circRNA OR ciRNA OR (circular AND RNA) OR “circular ribonucleic acid”) AND (“osteosarcoma”[Mesh] OR osteosarcoma OR (osseous AND sarcoma) OR (osteogenic AND sarcoma)). Then, the search strings were modified into other data sources (Additional file 1). There was no limitation for the time period, study design, or languages during the literature search. Duplicates were excluded through a rigorous and reproducible method via Endnote software version X9.2 (Clarivate Analytics, Philadelphia, PA, USA) [26].

Study selection

Two reviewers separately screened the titles and abstracts of records from electronic databases after deduplication. The records from gray literature sources were directly screened online to identify additional relevant records. The full texts and supplementary materials of potentially eligible records were obtained by two same reviewers and further assessed for eligibility. The reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews were screened to identify additional eligible studies. In the case of uncertainties, a final consensus was reached through discussion or help from a third reviewer.

Our study inclusion criteria included (1) study with histologically diagnosed osteosarcoma patients; (2) circRNA expression detected using tissues, serum, or plasma; (3) analysis about circRNA on clinicopathologic features or survival prognosis performed. Our study exclusion criteria were (1) ex vivo study or animal study; (2) duplicate studies; (3) reviews, conference abstracts, book chapters, editorials, letters, case reports, and other unsuitable article types; (4) reported in a language other than English, Japanese, Chinese, German, or French.

Data extraction

Data extraction was independently completed by two reviewers with our standardized sheet. The data extraction sheet contains the following items: (1) bibliographic data: author, publication year, study country; (2) circRNA characteristics: circRNA type, regulation pattern, sample size, specimen type, detection method, cutoff value, number of patients with high or low circRNA expression; (3) clinicopathologic data: age, gender, tumor site, tumor size, clinical stage, histologic classification, differentiation, metastasis; and (4) prognostic information: overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) or progression-free survival (PFS), hazard ratio (HR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) for prognostic outcome, analysis method, data availability, follow-up duration. Any disagreement was resolved by discussion or help from a third reviewer.

If the studies have reported prognostic information in the article, we documented the data directly; otherwise, we extracted available data from the Kaplan-Meier curve (K-M curve) via an open-source Engauge Digitizer software version 12.1 [27]. The Engauge Digitizer digitizes image files containing graphs by placing points along axes and curves and recovers the data points from those graphs. Then, we reconstructed the necessary data through several established practical methods for meta-analysis [28] (Supplementary Note 2). The corresponding authors were contacted to request the data, if the articles did not report sufficient data or impossible to reconstruct based on reported data. When there was no response, the article was only qualitatively analyzed.

Quality assessment

Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of included studies conducting the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) [29, 30]. NOS used a star system to judge the study on three broad perspectives: the selection of the study groups; the comparability of the groups; and the ascertainment of either the exposure or outcome of interest for case-control or cohort studies, respectively. In our review, studies with prognostic outcomes were treated as cohort studies, while those only reported cross-sectional clinicopathologic features were considered as case-control studies. A modified version of NOS was used in our review (Supplementary Table 1). If there were disagreements between the two reviewers, they would be resolved through discussion or consultation with a third reviewer.

Data synthesis and analysis

The meta-analysis was conducted with Stata software version 15.1 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA) using relevant packages (Supplementary Note 3). A p value < 0.05 suggested statistical significance, unless otherwise specified. To merge the outcomes of up- and downregulated circRNAs, we translated the HRs and 95%CI into a form that HRs > 1 suggested poor prognosis and was considered statistically significant if the 95%CI did not contain 1. The heterogeneity was assessed through the Higgins I-square statistic and chi-square Q test. A random-effect model was applied with the existence of marked heterogeneity as I-square > 50% and chi-square Q p value < 0.10; otherwise, a fixed-effect model was used. The publication bias was objectively evaluated by funnel plots and Begg’s funnel plots. Begg’s and Egger’s tests were quantitatively conducted to detect underlying publication bias. A p value > 0.1 was considered as low publication bias. By omitting the included studies one by one, the reliability of the pooled effect size was assessed. A trim and fill method was also used to assess the reliability of results. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore potential sources of heterogeneity, according to (1) regulation pattern: upregulated, or downregulated; (2) sample size: < 53 samples (median), or ≥ 53 samples; (3) data availability: reported or K-M curve; (4) cutoff value: median, average, or others; and (5) NOS: score < 5.5 stars (median), score ≥ 5.5 stars. An additional analysis was performed to investigate the relation between circ_0002052 and osteosarcoma, since the data from multiple studies allowed a more convictive conclusion.

Results

Literature search

As the flow diagram shows (Fig. 1), our systematic review identified 968 records from electronic databases. We screened 305 titles and abstracts after the exclusion of 663 duplicates. Sixty articles were considered to be potentially eligible. We further identified 115 records from gray literature sources; however, no additional eligible article was found. Full-text assessment included 60 articles, and hand search did not identify additional relevant articles. Finally, 52 articles were included in the qualitative analysis [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82]. Thirty-eight articles on clinicopathology and 36 articles on prognosis were included in the quantitative analysis after the exclusion of articles with incomplete data.

Fig. 1
figure 1

The flow diagram of studies inclusion

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Study characteristics

Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of included studies. Fifty-two studies with 2934 osteosarcoma patients were included. All the studies were conducted in China. Forty-eight and 4 articles were published in English and Chinese, respectively. Forty-three dysregulated circRNAs were detected, in which 7 were downregulated and 36 were upregulated in osteosarcoma patients. Fifty-one studies measured circRNA expression in tissue samples from osteosarcoma patients by qRT-PCR, while one study used serum as a test sample.

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Full size table

Quality assessment

The sum of the NOS score is present in Table 1 and Fig. 2. The sum of the NOS score ranged from 3 to 8 stars, with a median of 5.5 stars, indicating the moderate quality of selected studies. The risk of bias was found mainly related to unclear patient inclusion criteria, inadequate treatment procedure, unreported cutoff value of circRNAs, and various cutoff values of clinicopathologic features, as well as unclear follow-up plan and high loss rate. Detailed quality assessment results are presented in Supplementary Table 2.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Quality assessment and inter-reviewer agreement of included studies according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale

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CircRNAs and clinicopathologic features of osteosarcoma

Table 2 and Fig. 3 show the correlations between circRNAs and clinicopathologic features in 38 selected studies with 2284 osteosarcoma patients. Original data of included studies on clinicopathogical features is summarized in Supplementary Table 3. Dysregulated circRNAs were related to advanced clinicopathologic features, including larger tumor size (OR 2.122, 95%CI 1.418–3.175), advanced clinical stage (OR 2.847, 95%CI 2.059–3.935), and present of metastasis (OR 2.630, 95%CI 1.583–4.371). For chemotherapy, dysregulated circRNAs suggested a better response (OR 0.443, 95%CI 0.231–0.849), but a higher probability of resistance (OR 9.343, 95%CI 5.352–16.309). The heterogeneity of studies on tumor size, clinical stage, metastasis, and chemotherapy response was high. Begg’s and Egger’s tests indicated that studies on tumor size and metastasis have potential high publication bias. The sensitivity analysis showed that the pooled results were stable except for studies on tumor size. The cutoff values of age, tumor size, and clinical stage varied, and corresponding forest plots are presented in Supplementary Fig. 1.

Table 2 Pooled odds ratios of circRNAs on clinicopathologic features in osteosarcoma
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Fig. 3
figure 3

Forest plots evaluated the association between circRNA dysregulation and clinicopathological features of osteosarcoma: (A) age, (B) gender, (C) tumor site, (D) tumor size, (E) clinical stage, (F) metastasis, (G) histologic classification, (H) histologic pattern, (I) differentiation grade, (J) chemotherapy response (K) chemotherapy resistance, and (L) alkaline phosphatase

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CircRNAs and prognosis of osteosarcoma

Table 3 shows the studies on circRNAs and survival prognosis in 44 selected studies, in which 36 studies with 2213 osteosarcoma patients were included in quantitative analysis. Original data of included studies on prognosis is summarized in Supplementary Table 4. Figure 4 and Table 4 present that circRNAs were significantly correlated with OS (HR 2.437, 95%CI 2.224–2.670) with low heterogeneity and reliability. On the other hand, circRNAs were significantly correlated with DFS (HR 2.125, 95%CI 1.621–2.786) with high heterogeneity. Figure 5 reveals the leave-one-out analysis of pooled DFS, indicating that one included study had a significant effect. The funnel plot with Begg’s test and Egger’s test suggested that the likelihood of publication bias was low.

Table 3 Survival analysis of circRNAs in osteosarcoma
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Fig. 4
figure 4

Forest plots assessed the association between circRNA dysregulation and prognosis of osteosarcoma: (A) overall survival and (B) disease-free survival

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Table 4 Pooled hazard ratios of circRNAs on prognosis in osteosarcoma
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Fig. 5
figure 5

Funnel plots and Begg’s funnel plots judged publication bias of (A, C) overall survival and (B, D) disease-free survival in osteosarcoma. Leave-one-out analysis and trim and fill analysis showed the relationship between circRNA dysregulation and prognosis (E, G) overall survival and (F, H) disease-free survival of osteosarcoma patients

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Subgroup analysis

Subgroup analysis results of OS can be found in Table 5. All of the subgroups showed a significant correlation between circRNAs and OS of the patients. The results did not show differences among subgroups according to the regulation pattern, sample size, data availability, cutoff value, or NOS. The corresponding forest plots of OS are presented in Supplementary Figure 2.

Table 5 Subgroup analysis of overall survival of circRNAs in osteosarcoma
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Circ_0002052 and osteosarcoma

There were 4 studies repeatably investigated circ_0002052 in osteosarcoma. Table 6 summarizes the 3 available studies with 140 patients and showed that a higher expression of circ_0002052 has a relation with poorer OS (HR 3.197, 95%CI 2.054–4.976). The sensitivity and publication bias analyses have limited significance, since only three studies were included. The corresponding forest plots are presented in Supplementary Figure 3.

Table 6 Pooled effect size of circ_0002052 on osteosarcoma
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Discussions

Dysregulated circRNA expression has been demonstrated to be important in cancer initiation, development, and immigration [7,8,9], and has potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in various tumors [10,11,12]. Our systematic review conducted a structural literature review and included 52 studies investigating 43 dysregulated circRNAs in 2934 patients with osteosarcoma. We revealed that abnormal circRNA expression was related to tumor size, clinical stage, metastasis, and chemotherapy response and resistance. Further, dysregulated circRNAs were also prognostic biomarkers for OS and DFS. Additionally, dysregulated circ_0002052 was repeatably studied and showed a relation with poorer OS.

Two previous systematic reviews have performed meta-analyses on the clinicopathologic significance and prognostic value of circRNAs in osteosarcoma [21, 22]. The latest review included 31 studies, including 22 on clinicopathologic features and 23 on survival prognosis [22]. Thus, the pooled results may be underpowered due to insufficient data. The review summarized the relation between dysregulated circRNAs and age, gender, tumor size, clinical stage, and metastasis, while our review conducted more analyses on the influence of circRNAs on 12 features with 38 studies. Especially, our analysis on treatment response and resistance provided more practicable insight on treatment decision-making. Moreover, our analysis on survival prognosis included 36 studies to reach more convincing results with increased statistical power. The sensitivity analysis showed the reliability of results that dysregulated circRNAs were promising prognostic biomarkers for osteosarcoma patients. Additionally, our study summarized for the first time that circ_0002052 was significantly correlated with poorer OS with multiple datasets to confirm the efficacy.

Our sensitivity analysis showed that the correlations between dysregulated circRNAs and tumor size and DFS were not reliable, indicating that future studies might change the current results. The publication bias was detected in the analysis of dysregulated circRNAs on tumor size and metastasis, which encouraged more studies on this clinically relevant topic. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the influence of study characteristics on the pooled results and found that the results remained stable regardless of regulation pattern, sample size, data availability, cutoff value, or study quality, suggesting a potential application in clinical practice.

The quality of included studies was assessed according to the NOS tool, although the overall quality of studies showed a moderate score with a median of 5.5 stars. There were several concerns releveled during our assessment. Most of the included studies put an emphasis on the function of circRNAs in osteosarcoma cells instead of their clinical significance. Therefore, the patient inclusion criteria, treatment procedure, and follow-up were usually unclearly described, which might hinder the clinical translation of circRNAs. The cutoff values were unreported in half of the included studies. Thus, further validation might be impossible. On the other hand, the various cutoff values of clinicopathologic features might introduce a risk of bias into our analysis, including age, tumor size, and clinical stage. To confirm circRNAs as clinically practicable biomarkers, more well-designed and high-quality studies were needed.

The summary of all available circRNAs indicated that circRNAs were significantly correlated with both OS and DFS, while circ_0002052 was the only circRNA that had been studied repeatedly in osteosarcoma patients [41, 58, 65, 72]. The meta-analysis showed that higher expression of circ_0002052 has a relation with poorer OS, but its relation with DFS was not available. Since efficacy confirmed in multiple datasets tends to be more convictive [83], more repeatable and reproducible studies are encouraged to provide more robust evidence for circRNAs as biomarkers for osteosarcoma, to allow translation of circRNAs into clinical practice.

Except for circRNAs, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs have also shown potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic values in musculoskeletal malignancies [16,17,18,19,20,21,22, 84,85,86]. On the other hand, evidence is being produced on non-coding RNAs being of importance in benign musculoskeletal diseases [87,88,89,90]. These non-coding RNAs could be useful for diagnostic or management purposes in musculoskeletal conditions. However, before they can be applied in clinical practice, the issue of delivery of RNAs needs to be overcome [87, 88].

Our review has several limitations. Firstly, the number of included studies on several clinicopathologic features was comparatively small. Although up to four studies showed that dysregulated circRNA expression has a relation with chemotherapy response and resistance, more studies were encouraged. Secondly, two-thirds of HRs with 95% CIs of OS were indirectly extracted. However, the subgroup analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference between pooled results according to extraction methods. Thirdly, data from eight studies were impossible to reconstruct, and not available through contraction to the author, which might generate possible bias. Fourthly, the subgroup analysis of DFS was not performed since the number of included studies was limited to draw any stable results. Moreover, we also failed to perform subgroup analyses according to the clinicopathological features of patients, due to varying cutoffs. A more in-depth analysis is encouraged if more future studies provide further details. Fifthly, all of the studies were performed in China, which might lead to biased results due to ethics groups. The role of circRNAs in osteosarcoma among different populations can be evaluated, if investigations in other ethnic groups are available. Finally, only one study obtained circRNA expression data from serum. It is still unclear whether the serum was suitable for circRNA detection in osteosarcoma patients. It might be more practicable and less invasive if the expression detected from serum or plasma had comparable efficiency to those from tissue samples.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our study showed that there is a significant correlation between the dysregulated expression of circRNAs and advanced clinicopathologic features, and it did affect the survival prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. CircRNAs might play an important role in the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma and showed potential as prognostic biomarkers for osteosarcoma. Our review also pointed out the quality insufficiency in current studies and emphasized the need for prospective high-quality studies with multiple datasets to promote clinical translation.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

CI:

Confidence interval

circRNA:

Circular ribonucleic acid

HR:

Hazard ratio

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

OR:

Odds ratio

OS:

Overall survival

PFS:

Progression-free survival

PLR:

Positive likelihood ratio

qRT-PCR:

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction

NOS:

Newcastle-Ottawa Scale

K-M curve:

Kaplan-Meier curve

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Prof. Huan Zhang for her kindness and enlightening comments on this study, and Dr. Shiqi Mao for sharing his knowledge in cancer genetics. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the editors for thier help and support in article publication, and reviewers for their careful review and constructive suggestions on this manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Funds of China (81771790) and the Medicine and Engineering Combination Project of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (YG2019ZDB09). They played no role in the study design, data collection or analysis, decision to publish, or manuscript preparation.

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  1. Jingyu Zhong and Guangcheng Zhang contributed equally to this work.

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  1. Department of Imaging, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1111 Xianxia Road, Shanghai, 200336, China

    Jingyu Zhong & Weiwu Yao

  2. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China

    Guangcheng Zhang

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Jingyu Zhong: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, validation, software, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing

Guangcheng Zhang: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, validation, writing—review and editing

Weiwu Yao: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, supervision, funding acquisition

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Correspondence to Weiwu Yao.

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Zhong, J., Zhang, G. & Yao, W. Clinicopathologic significance and prognostic value of circRNAs in osteosarcoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res 16, 578 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-021-02568-2

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Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

ISSN: 1749-799X