Skip to main content
Download PDF

Blood management in fast-track orthopedic surgery: an evidence-based narrative review

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research volume 14, Article number: 263 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background and purpose

Innovations able to maintain patient safety while reducing the amount of transfusion add value to orthopedic procedures. Opportunities for improvement arise especially in elective procedures, as long as room for planning is available. Although many strategies have been proposed, there is no consensus about the most successful combination. The purpose of this investigation is to identify information to support blood management strategies in fast-track total joint arthroplasty (TJA) pathway, to (i) support clinical decision making according to current evidence and best practices, and (ii) identify critical issues which need further research.

Methods and materials

We identified conventional blood management strategies in elective orthopedic procedures. We performed an electronic search about blood management strategies in fast-track TJA. We designed tables to match every step of the former with the latter. We submitted the findings to clinicians who operate using fast-track surgery protocols in TJA at our research hospital.

Results

Preoperative anemia detection and treatment, blood anticoagulants/aggregants consumption, transfusion trigger, anesthetic technique, local infiltration analgesia, drainage clamping and removals, and postoperative multimodal thromboprophylaxis are the factors which can add best value to a fast-track pathway, since they provide significant room for planning and prediction.

Conclusion

The difference between conventional and fast-track pathways does not lie in the contents of blood management, which are related to surgeons/surgeries, materials used and patients, but in the way these contents are integrated into each other, since elective orthopedic procedures offer significant room for planning. Further studies are needed to identify optimal regimens.

Introduction

The demand for total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is going to increase between 174 and 673% by 2030 [1, 2]. In the USA, orthopedic procedures account for up to 10% of all packed-red cell transfusions in a year, 39% of which are used in TJA [3]. Blood loss can be extensive, and allogenic blood transfusion (ABT) is commonly performed. ABTs are associated with risks and complications [3,4,5,6,7]: to try and prevent them, it is necessary to invest in increasingly expensive safety procedures [8]. Moreover, the potential side effects of ABTs also impact social costs [9], accounting for the high economic cost of ABTs.

Innovations able to maintain patient safety while reducing the amount of ABTs therefore add value to orthopedic surgery procedures, where value is defined as outcomes achieved per money spent [10]. Opportunities for improvement arise especially in elective procedures, where room for planning is available. Indeed, experience of blood management in 2511 elective procedures reduced the amount of ABTs without increasing the number of recoveries and readmissions, generating an annual saving of $ 480,000 [11].

Blood management is a pillar of innovative health care models such as bundled payments [12] and fast-track pathways [13,14,15], as perioperative coordinated care is associated to a better and quicker recovery [15]. Accurate blood management can contribute to home discharge of 85-year-old patients 3 days after surgery[16], as well as to safely perform procedures in outpatient settings [17].

Although many strategies and algorithms have been proposed to reduce ABTs, there is no consensus about the most successful combination, given the different opinions over the same procedure, and the need to adapt the procedures to the characteristics of individual patients [18,19,20].

The purpose of this investigation is to identify information to support blood management strategies in fast-track TJA pathway, to (i) support clinical decision making according to current evidence and best practices, and (ii) identify critical issues which need further research.

Reviews on blood management in orthopedics surgery [3], elective orthopedic surgery [8], total hip and knee arthroplasty [18, 21], and lower limb joint arthroplasty in a bundled payment [11] have been published. However, no review, to our knowledge, focuses on blood management in fast-track orthopedic pathways, except for general European Guidelines on perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis [22].

Such a review should be helpful in two ways: first, by elaborating a synthesis on what has been published on the topic; second, by pointing out which parts of the perioperative process offer room for improvement.

Materials and methods

We proceeded in four steps.

First, we identified conventional blood management strategies in elective orthopedic procedures, to achieve a general road map to support the research on fast-track innovations. Six articles addressed the perioperative approach to the topic [3, 8, 9, 18, 21, 23]. To provide a clear roadmap and adhering to previous recommendations [24,25,26], the strategies were divided in preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative [27].

Second, we searched PubMed, Embase, Ebsco host, and Cochrane reviews for blood management strategies related to fast-track total joint arthroplasty, using the following keywords: fast(-)track surgery, orthop(a)edics, total joint arthroplasty, blood, blood management. After removing duplicates and studies not related to TJA procedures, 16 articles were eligible. These were read in full text to ensure their consistency with a fast-track TJA pathway.

Third, we designed tables to match every step of the perioperative process with information from the fast-track literature. In each table, information reported in the central column is therefore coming from conventional procedures. When it was not possible to fill the relevant column of the tables with information on fast-track joint arthroplasty arising from the second step, we performed a further search on the topic using PubMed, Embase, Ebsco host and Cochrane reviews databases, bibliographies, and articles suggested by colleagues. These results—which are useful both for clinical and further research—are highlighted in the table with a *.

Fourth, we submitted the information reported in the right column to the opinion of clinicians who operate using fast-track surgery protocols for TJA at our hospital, to (i) check whether the information was sound, (ii) offer them opportunities for improvement, and (iii) identify practices which they already used, as such practices may be not reported in the published literature.

We acknowledge that steps three and four prevent the research from being entirely reproducible, which represents the main limitation of our study, but we believe this disadvantage to be offset by the advantage of providing information which can be missed with conventional research. We therefore opted for a narrative rather than a systematic review. Accordingly, we have adopted four of the six Cochrane recommendations for a systematic review27 (Table 1).

Table 1 Cochrane guidelines for systematic review
Full size table

All searches were completed by January 21st, 2019.

Results

Preoperative blood management

Preoperatively, patients are thoroughly assessed, to decide whether to include them in an accelerated pathway, to plan clinical contingencies, and to educate the patients to take active part in the process. All are key steps in a successful fast-track design (Table 2).

Table 2 Preoperative blood management
Full size table

Intraoperative blood management

Intraoperative management plays the most important role in safety, blood loss minimization, and early recovery (Table 3) [18].

Table 3 Intraoperative blood management
Full size table

Several studies have also investigated the role of intraoperative intermittent pneumatic compression devices (IPCDs) in preventing postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE), but we report them in the following section because of their association with postoperative pharmacological prophylaxis.

Postoperative blood management

Fifty percent of the total blood loss in TKA occurs postoperatively [165], especially within the first 4 h (Table 4) [166].

Table 4 Postoperative blood management
Full size table

Postoperative thromboprophylaxis is the step of perioperative management which received the greatest focus in fast-track surgery [129]. For practical reasons, we report findings about it in separate tables.

A prospective clinical study of 632 primary TJA patients evaluated the best combination between mechanical treatment (compression) and pharmacological chemoprophylaxis (aspirin and/or low molecular weight heparin) to prevent postoperative thromboembolic events (Table 5) [193].

Table 5 Mechanical and chemical thromboprophylaxis in 632 primary TJA patients
Full size table

The evaluation was performed answering four questions.

According to these results, the authors advocate routine use of mobile mechanical compression devices, which are able to prevent those VTEs and complications associated with chemical anticoagulants. This is consistent (i) with recommendations of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons and the American College of Chest Physicians [194, 195], (ii) with a retrospective study of 3379 patients which confirmed mechanical treatment with IPCD to be a fast, easy, cheap, and safe support to postoperative multimodal approach [196], and (iii) with clinical pillars for TJA in a bundled payment paradigm [12].

With regard to accelerated pathways, the European Guidelines on VTE prevention were formulated cross-referencing the risk of the patient with the risk of the procedure, adopting Caprini score as an assessment criterion [22, 197] (*).

We summarize them in the following table (Table 6).

Table 6 VTE prevention in fast-track and day-surgery orthopedic procedures
Full size table

The benefits of early mobilization and the combination between mechanical measures and aspirin are confirmed by other studies, both in fast-track [198] (*) and in conventional pathways [199].

The same guidelines underline the option, in selected procedures, to limit thromboprophylaxis treatment only to the period of hospitalization, and suggest to extend the treatment to up to 4 weeks in high-risk patients and procedures.

The first recommendation is based on a weak level of evidence (2C), but is supported by a large prospective study on 17,582 fast-track TJA procedures according to which 90-day incidence of VTE after in-hospital treatment was only 0.40% [53] (*). On the contrary, the second recommendation is based on a moderate level of evidence (2B), and supports the hypothesis of the prospective study: extended treatment for LOS more than 5 days and high-risk patients is strongly recommended.

Other studies suggest warfarin-based chemoprophylaxis for 6 weeks after THA [200], as well as fish oil as a cost-effective supplement to aspirin after TKA [201], prompting for prospective studies to confirm these suggestions.

Discussion and limitations

The purpose of this investigation was to identify information to support blood management strategies in fast-track TJA pathways. The investigation confirmed the lack of comprehensive reviews on the topic, which we divided according to recommendations in preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative.

The need for blood transfusions remains the most significant predictor of a longer stay (more than 3 days) also within accelerated pathways, occurring between 12% and 22% of THA and TKA. However, it seems not to compromise a high patient satisfaction, a fundamental assessment of quality in fast-track procedures. Waiting for blood transfusions is indeed one of the main reasons for a delay in discharge.

Identifying the reasons behind it makes it possible to assess the best clinical and logistical solution for the patient, starting preoperatively. The need for transfusion is associated with age, comorbidities, ASA score, and anemia (with iron deficiency as the most common and reversible cause). In general, a classic transfusion trigger had been established when postoperative hematocrit level at the first day is 25% less than preoperative, while more recent studies found preoperative iron supplement to be a cost-effective solution for non-anemic THA patients. However, fast-track procedures are becoming more and more inclusive, provided that a multidisciplinary management of risk factors is implemented. TKA patients aged ≥ 65 show a weak but significant association between postoperative Hb and 6-min walk test early after surgery, but not with other functional criteria nor quality of life. Postoperative anemia, blood transfusions, and lack of mobilization are the main medical causes of delayed discharge (27.3 more than 4 days) for THA patients aged ≥ 85, while preoperative anemia is the main medical cause of readmission of the same population within 90 days after the intervention, together with suspected (but disproved) thromboembolic events. Finally, stroke is a recognised event which can occur after both TKA and THA procedures: it is therefore fundamental to check for preoperative anticoagulants to avoid cardiovascular perioperative complications in elderly patients. If these precautions prove successful, fast-track pathways realize the possibility of including older patients in major joint replacement programs [202].

Intraoperatively, tranexamic acid is probably the simplest, safe and cost-effective innovation also in case of fast-track procedures, for it almost eliminated the need for other blood conservation strategies. Its benefits increase when combined (i) with local infiltration analgesia, both in hip and knee replacement, as it produces a significant reduction in postoperative Hb levels, pain and length of stay, together with better rehabilitation outcomes; (ii) with low-dose epinephrine in THA, producing a reduction of 180 mL blood loss within 24 h after surgery. The benefits of minimally invasive surgery on blood loss are still debated, and more studies are needed to evaluate its impact on patient satisfaction in fast-track TJA. With regard to TKA, the use of a tourniquet reduces bleeding during surgery, but produces no benefit on knee extension, postoperative Hb levels, pain, and nausea; studies are evaluating its use in combination with multimodal anaesthetic and analgesic regimens. General anesthesia is equivalent to spinal anesthesia with regard to blood loss, but the former dominates the second on several other outcomes, including early mobilization, amount of opioid consumption, and pain scores 6 h after surgery.

Postoperative thromboprophylaxis is the step which has received greater focus. The European Guidelines on VTE prevention suggest different combinations according to patient characteristics and procedures, underlining the benefits of early mobilization together with mobile mechanical compression and pharmacological treatment. Traditional icing provides a high cost-effective benefit on several postoperative outcomes, such as pain, edema, and blood loss, reserving more complicate cryotherapy devices only to selected patients. Finally, removal of drains is safe and feasible within 6–12 h after TKA, although clinical experts question their usefulness.

Several strategies and treatments such as hypotensive epidural anesthesia, topical fibrin sealants, platelet-rich plasma, sealing femoral tunnel, and limb position shows no variation between conventional or fast-track procedures.

A methodological limitation of the study is its partial reproducibility, as the fast-track information achieved from the first electronic search is integrated with information from further searches, previous knowledge, article references, or clinical tips. This is also why the study may not be exhaustive. However, this methodological limitation likely compensates for the lack of information and systematic approach on several topics in this field.

Conclusion

Many blood management strategies have been put forward to support safe and cheaper orthopedic elective TJA procedures. This article provides a roadmap to more uniform blood management in fast-track orthopedic pathways, pointing out current evidence as well as suggestions for further research.

The difference between conventional and fast-track pathways does not lie in the issues of blood management, which are related to surgical procedures, materials and patients, but in the way in which these contents are integrated with each other, since elective orthopedic procedures offer significant room for planning.

The more fast-track clinical studies are able to add evidence, the greater the benefits for patients, providers, and funders. The next step, therefore, is to put theory into practice [203].

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

References

  1. Jasper LL, Jones CA, Mollins J, Pohar SL, Beaupre LA. Risk factors for revision of total knee arthroplasty: a scoping review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disord. 2016;17:182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kurtz S, Ong K, Lau E, Mowat F, Halpern M. Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030. J Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2007;89:780–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ponnusamy KE, Kim TJ, Khanuja HS. Perioperative blood transfusions in orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:1836–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kopolovic I, Ostro J, Tsubota H, Lin Y, Cserti-Gazdewich CM, Messner HA, Keir AK, DenHollander N, Dzik WS, Callum J. A systematic review of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease. Blood. 2015;126:406–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dwyre D, Fernando LP, Holland PV. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV transfusion-transmitted infections in the 21st century. Vox Sang. 2011;100:92–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Perkins HA, Busch MP. Transfusion-associated infections: 50 years of relentless challenges and remarkable progress. Transfusions. 2010;50:2080–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bierbaum BE, Callaghan JJ, Galante JO, Rubash HE, Tooms RE, Welch RB. An analysis of blood management in patients having a total hip or knee arthroplasty. J Bone Join Surg Am. 1999;81:2–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Moonen AFCM, Neal TD, Pilot P. Peri-operative blood management in elective orthopaedic surgery. A critical review of the literature. Injury. 2006;37(Suppl 5):S11–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Song JH, Park JW, Lee YK, Kim IS, Nho JH, Lee KJ, Park KK, Kim Y, Park JH, Han SB. Management of Blood Loss in Hip Arthroplasty: Korean Hip Society Current Consensus. Hip Pelvis. 2017;29:81–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Porter ME, Teisberg EO. Redefining Competition in Health Care. Harv Bus Rev. 2004;82:64–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kansagra A, Andrzejewski C, Krushell R, Lehman A, Greenbaum J, Visintainer P, McGirr J, Mahoney K, Cloutier D, Ehresman A, Stefan MS. Blood management strategies to reduce transfusions after elective lower-extremity joint arthroplasty surgeries: one tertiary care hospital’s early experience with an alternative payment model—a total joint “Bundle”. Am J Med Qual. 2017;32:668–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kim K, Iorio R. The 5 Clinical Pillars of Value for Total joint arthroplasty in a bundled payment paradigm. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:1712–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Benedetti MG, Sarti D, Bonfiglioli Stagni S, Mariani E. Setting, clinical pathways, fast-track and rehabilitation following knee arthroplasty: a literature review. Open Rehabil J. 2015;8:17–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Stowers MD, Lemanu DP, Coleman B, Hill AG, Munro JT. Review article: Perioperative care in enhanced recovery for total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2014;22:383–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Husted H, Holm G, Jacobsen S. Predictors of length of stay and patient satisfaction after hip and knee replacement surgery: fast-track experience in 712 patients. Acta Orthop. 2008;79:168–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Pitter FT, Jørgensen CC, Lindberg-Larsen M, Kehlet H. Lundbeck Foundation Center for fast-track hip and knee replacement collaborative group. Anesth Analg. 2016;122:1807–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lovecchio F, Alvi H, Sahota S, Beal M, Manning D. Is Outpatient arthroplasty as safe as fast-track inpatient arthroplasty? A propensity score matched analysis. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:197–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Tzatzairis T, Vogiatzaki T, Kazakos K, Drosos IG. Perioperative blood management strategies for patients undergoing total knee replacement: Where do we stand now? World J Orthop. 2017;8:441–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Holt JB, Miller BJ, Callaghan JJ, Clark CR, Willeborg MD, Noiseux NO. Minimizing blood transfusion in total hip and knee arthroplasty: a muldimodal approach. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:378–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cherian JJ, Kapadia BH, Issa K, Banerjee S, McInerney VK, Harwin SF, Mont MA. Preoperative blood management strategies for total hip arthroplasty. Surg Technol Int. 2013;23:261–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang S, Huang Q, Xu B, Ma J, Cao G, Pei F. Effectiveness and safety of an optimized blood management program in total hip and knee arthroplasty. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97:e9429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Venclauskas L, Jenny JY, Kiaersgaard-Andersen P, Jans Ø. ESA VTE guidelines task force. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35:134–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kamath AF, Pagnano MW. Blood management for patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. JBJS Rev. 2013:1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Liumbruno GM, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, Piccoli P, Rossetti G, Italian Society of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology (SIMTI) Working Party. Recommendations for the transfusion management of patients in the peri-operative period. I. The pre-operative period. Blood Transfus. 2011a;9:19–40.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Liumbruno GM, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, Piccoli P, Rossetti G, Italian Society of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology (SIMTI) Working Party. Recommendations for the transfusion management of patients in the peri-operative period. II. The intra-operative period. Blood Transfus. 2011b;9:189–217.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Liumbruno GM, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, Piccoli P, Rossetti G, Italian Society of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology (SIMTI) Working Party. Recommendations for the transfusion management of patients in the peri-operative period. III. The pre-operative period. Blood Transfus. 2011c;9:320–35.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Centro Cochrane Italiano. (n.d.)Available from: https://www.cochrane.it/sites/cochrane.it/files/public/uploads/guidausorevisioni.pdf. Accessed 10 June 2019.

  28. Vaglio S, Prisco D, Biancofiore G, Rafanelli D, Antonioli P, Lisanti M, Andreani L, Basso L, Velati C, Grazzini G, Liumbruno GM. Recommendations for the implementation of a patient blood management programme. Application to elective major orthopaedic surgery in adults. Blood transfus. 2016;14:23–65.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Goodnough LT, Maniatis A, Earnshaw P, Benoni G, Beris P, Bisbe E, Fergusson DA, Gombotz H, Habler O, Monk TG, Ozier Y, Slappendel R, Szapalski M. Detection, evaluation, and management of preoperative anaemia in the elective orthopaedic surgical patient: NATA guidelines. Br J Anaesthes. 2011;106:13–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. McLean E, Cogswell E, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993-2005. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12:444–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Muňoz M, Gomez-Ramirez S, Kozek-Langener S, Shander A, Richards T, Pavía J, Kehlet H, Acheson AG, Evans C, Raobaikady R, Javidroozi M, Auerbach M. “Fit to fly”: overcoming barriers to preoperative haemoglobin optimization in surgical patients. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115:15–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Theusinger OM, Kind SL, Seifert B, Borgeat L, Gerber C, Spahn DR. Patient blood management in orthopaedic surgery: a four-year follow-up of transfusion requirements and blood loss from 2008 to 2011 at the Balgrist University Hospital in Zurich, Switzerland. Blood Transfus. 2014;12:195–203.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Rogers BA, Cowie A, Alcock C, Rosson JW. Identification and treatment of anaemia in patients awaiting hip replacement. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2008;90:504–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Rosencher N, Poisson D, Albi A, Aperce M, Barré J, Samama CM. Two injections of erythropoietin correct moderate anemia in most patients awaiting orthopedic surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52:160.5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Husted H, Holm G. Fast track in total hip and knee arthroplasty—experiences from Hvidovre University Hospital, Denmark. Injury. 2006;37:S31–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jans Ø, Jørgensen C, Kehlet H, Johansson PI. Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Fast-track Hip and Knee Replacement Collaborative Group. Transfusion. 2014;54:717–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jans Ø, Bandholm T, Kurbegovic S, Solgaard S, Kjaersgaard-Andersen P, Johansson PI, Kehlet H. Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Fast-Track Hip and Knee Replacement Collaborative Group. Blood Management. 2016;56:917–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Guralnik JM, Eisenstaedt RS, Ferrucci L, Klein HG, Woodman RC. Prevalence of anemia in persons 65 years and older in the United States: evidence for a high rate of unexplained anemia. Blood. 2004;104:2263–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Guyatt GH, Patterson C, Ali M, Singer J, Levine M, Turpie I, Meyer R. Diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in the elderly. Am J Med. 1990;88:205–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kopanidis P, Hardidge A, McNicol L, Tay S, McCall P, Weinberg L. Perioperative blood management programme reduces the use of blood allogenic transfusion in patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res. 2016;11:28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Beris P, Muńoz M, García-Erce JA, Thomas D, Maniatis A, Van der Linden P. Perioperative anaemia management: consensus statement on the role of intravenous iron. Br J Anaesthesia. 2008:599–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Onken JE, Bregman DB, Harrington RA, Morris D, Acs P, Akright B, Barish C, Bhaskar BS, Smith-Nguyen NG, Butcher A, Koch TA, Goodnough LT. A multicenter, randomized, active-controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Transfusion. 2014;54:306–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Halfdanarson TR, Litzow MR, Murray JA. Hematologic manifestations of celiac disease. Blood. 2007;109:412–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Muňoz M, García-Erce JA, Cuenca J, Bisbe E, Naveira E, AWGE (Spanish Amnaemia Working Group). On the role of iron therapy for reducing allogenic blood transfusion in orthopaedic surgery. Blood Transfus. 2012;10:8–22.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Jans Ø, Nielsen CS, Khan N, Gromov K, Troelsen A, Husted H. Iron deficiency and preoperative anaemia in patients scheduled for elective hip- and knee arthroplasty—an observational study. Vox Sang. 2018;113:260–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Scardino M, Di Matteo B, Martorelli F, Tanzi D, Kon E, D’Amato T. Improved patient blood management and cost saving in hip replacement surgery through the implementation of pre-operative Sucrosomial® iron supplementation: a quality improvement assessment study. Int Orthop. 2019;43:39–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Tendera M, Wojakowski W. Role of antiplatelet drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular events. Thromb Res. 2003;110:5–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Spencer FA, Mayr M, Jaffer AK, Eckman MH, Dunn AS, Kunz R. Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e326S–50S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Chassot PG, Delabays A, Spahn DR. Perioperative antiplatelet therapy: the case for continuing therapy in patients at risk of myocardial infarction. Br J Anaesthes. 2007;99:316–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vermylen J. Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1994;79:1165–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Jørgensen CC, Kehlet H, Lundbeck Foundation centre for fast-track hip and knee replacement collaborative group. Time course and reasons for 90-day mortality in fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61:436–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Jørgensen CC, Petersen MA, Kehlet H. Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Fast-Track Hip and Knee Replacement Collaborative Group. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e009813.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Petersen PB, Kehlet H, Jørgensen CC, Lundbeck foundation centre for fast-track hip and knee replacement collaborative group. Safey of in-hospital only thromboprophylaxis after fast-track total hip and knee arthroplasty: a prospective follow-up study in 17.582 Procedures. Thromb Haemost. 2018;118:2152–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gombotz H, Rehak PH, Shander A, Hofmann A. Blood use in elective surgery: the Austrian benchmark study. Transfusion. 2007;47:1468–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Young SW, Marsh DJ, Akhavani MA, Walker CG, Skinner JA. Attitudes to blood transfusion post arthroplasty surgery in the United Kingdom: a national survey. Int Orthop. 2008;32:325–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Cobain TJ, Vamvakas EC, Wells A, Titlestad K. A survey of the demographics of blood use. Transfus Med. 2007;17:1–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Barr PJ, Donnelly M, Cardwell C, Alam SS, Morris K, Parker M, Bailie KE. Drivers of transfusion decision making and quality of the evidence in orthopedic surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Transfus Med Rev. 2011;25:304–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Slappendel R, Dirksen R, Weber EW, van der Schaaf DB. An algorithm to reduce allogenic red blood cell transfusions for major orthopedic surgery. Acta Orthop Scand. 2003;74:569–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ballantyne A, Walmsley P, Brenkel I. Reduction of blood transfusion rates in unilateral total knee arthroplasty by the introduction of a simple blood transfusion protocol. Knee. 2003;10:379–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Blood transfusion guidelines. 2015. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng24/chapter/Key-priorities-for-implementation. Accessed 10 June 2019.

  61. Husted H, Lunn TH, Troelsen A, Gaarn-Larsen L, Kristensen BB, Kehlet H. Why still in hospital after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty? Acta Orthop. 2011;82:679–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Jans Ø, Kehlet J, Johansson PI. Blood transfusion in major orthopaedic surgery. Ugeskr Laeger. 2011;173:815–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Weber EW, Slappendel R, Hemon Y, Mähler S, Dalén T, Rouwet E, van Os J, Vosmaer A, van der Ark P. Effects of eopoetin alfa on blood transfusions and postoperative recovery in orthopaedic surgery: the European Epoetin Alfa Surgery Trial (EEST). Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005;22:249–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Goodnough LT, Monk TG. Erythropoietin therapy in the perioperative setting. Clin Orthop Related Res. 1998;357:82–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Faris PM, Ritter MA. Epoetin alfa. A bloodless approach for the treatment of perioperative anemia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998;357:60–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. De Andrade JR, Jove M, Landon G, Frei D, Guilfoyle M, Young DC. Baseline hemoglobin as a predictor of risk of transfusion and response to Epoetin alfa in orthopedic surgery patients. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 1996;25:533–42.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Slappendel R, Weber EW, Hémon YJ, Mähler S, Dalén T, Rouwet EF, van Os JJ, Vosmaer A, van der Ark PD. Patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis benefit equally from preoperative epoetin-alpha treatment. Acta Orthop. 2006;77:677–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Keating EM, Callaghan JJ, Ranawat AS, Bhirangi K, Ranawat CS. A randomized, parallel-group, open-label trial of recombinant human erythropoietin vs preoperative autologous donation in primary total joint arthroplasty: effect of postoperative vigor and handgrip strength. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22:235–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Deutsch A, Spaulding J, Marcus RE. Preoperative epoetin alfa vs autologous blood donation in primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21:628–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Rosencher N, Poisson D, Albi A, Aperce M, Barré J, Samama CM. Two injections of eryhtopoietin correct moderate anemia in most patients awaiting orthopedic surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2005;52:160–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Bedair H, Yang J, Dwyer MK, McCarthy JC. Preoperative erythropoietin alpha reduces postoperative transfusions in THA and TKA but may not be cost-effective. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:590–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Vaislic CD, Dalibon N, Ponzio O, Ba M, Jugan E, Lagneau F, Abbas P, Olliver Y, Gaillard D, Baget F, Sportiche M, Chedid A, Chaoul G, Maribas P, Dupuy C, Robine B, Kasanin N, Michon H, Ruat JM, Habis M, Bouharaoua T. Outcomes in cardiac surgery in 500 consecutive Jehovah’s Witness patients: 21 year experience. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;7:95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Alshryda S, Sukeik M, Sarda P, Blenkinsopp J, Haddad FS, Mason JM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the topical administration of tranexamic acid in total hip and knee replacement. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B:1005–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Raveendran R, Wong J. Tranexamic acid: more evidence for its use in joint replacement surgery. Transfusion. 2014;54:2–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Zagra L. Advances in hip arthroplasty surgery: what is justified? EFORT Open Rev. 2017;2:171–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Goldman M, Rémy-Prince S, Trépanier A, Décary F. Autologous donation error rates in Canada. Transfusion. 1997;37:523–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Tretiak R, Laupacis A, Rivière M, McKerracher K, Souetre E. Cost of allogenic and autologous blood transfusion in Canada. Canadian Cost of Transfusion Study Group. CMAJ. 1996;154:1501–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Etchason J, Petz L, Keeler E, Calhoun L, Kleinman S, Snider C, Fink A, Brook R. The cost effectiveness of preoperative autologous blood donations. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:719–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Birkmeyer JD, Goodnough LT, AuBuchon JP, Noordsij PG, Littenberg B. The cost-effectiveness of preoperative autologous blood donation for total hip and knee replacement. Transfusion. 1993;33:544–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kozek-Langenecker SA, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, Santullano CA, De Robertis E, Filipescu DC, Fries D, Görlinger K, Haas T, Imberger G, Jacob M, Lancé M, Llau J, Mallett SS, Rahe-Meyer N, Samama CM, Smith A, Solomon C, Van der Linden P, Wikkelsø AJ, Wouters P, Wyffels P. Management of severe perioperative bleeding: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2013;30:270–382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Confalonieri N, Manzotti A, Montironi F, Pullen C. Tissue sparing surgery in knee reconstruction: unicompartmental (UKA), patellofemoral (PFA), UKA + PFA, bi-unicompartmental (Bi-UKA) arthroplasties. J Orthop Traumatol. 2008;9:171–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Regis D, Residori A, Rossi N, Bartolozzi P. Tissue-sparing surgery in total hip arthroplasty: sensible approaches and tested evidence. J Orthopaed Traumatol. 2007;8:199–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Huang HT, Su JY, Chang JK, Chen CH, Wang GJ. The early clinical outcomes of minimally invasive quadriceps-sparing total knee arthroplasty: report of a 2-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22:1007–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Matta JM, Shahrdar C, Ferguson T. Single-incision anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty on an orthopaedic table. Clin Orthop Related Res. 2005;441:115–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Light TR, Keggi KJ. Anterior approach to hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Related Res. 1980;152:255–60.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Chang CW, Wu PT, Yang CY. Blood loss after minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: effects of imageless navigation. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2010;26:237–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Lloyd JM, Wainwright T, Middleton RG. What is the role of minimally invasive surgery in a fast track hip and knee replacement? Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2012;94:148–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Delanois RE, Gwam C, Mistry JB, Khlopas A, Chughtai M, Ramkumar P, Piuzzi N, Berger R, Bonutti PM, Malkani AL, Mont MA. Does Length of Stay Influence How Patients Rate Their Hospitalization After Total Hip Arthroplasty? Surg Technol Int. 2017;30:393–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ejaz A, Laursen AC, Kappel A, Laursen MB, Jakobsen T, Rasmussen S, Nielsen PT. Faster recovery without the use of a tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty. Acta Orthop. 2014;85:422–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Tai TW, Lin CJ, Jou IM, Chang CW, Lai KA, Yang CY. Tourniquet use in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19:1121–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Harsten A, Bandholm T, Kehlet H, Toksvig-Larsen S. Tourniquet versus no tourniquet on knee-extension strength early after fast-track total knee arthroplasty; a randomized controlled trial. Knee. 2015;22:126–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Concina C, Crucil M, Fabbro S, Gherlinzoni F. Do tourniquet and drainage influence fast track in total knee arthroplasty? Our results in 151 cases. Acta Biomed. 2019;90(1-S):123–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Rantasalo MT, Palanne R, Juutilainen K, Kairaluoma P, Linko R, Reponen E, Helkamaa T, Vakkuri A, Olkkola KT, Madanat R, Skants NKA. Randomised controlled study comparing general and spinal anaesthesia with and without a tourniquet on the outcomes of total knee arthroplasty: study protocol. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e025546.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Turnbull ZA, Sastow D, Giambrone GP, Tedore T. Anesthesia for the patient undergoing total knee replacement: current status and future prospects. Local Reg Anesth. 2017;10:1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Macfarlane AJR, Prasad AG, Chan VWS, Brull R. Does regional anesthesia improve outcome after total knee arthroplasty? A systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103:335–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Hu S, Zhang ZY, Hua YQ, Li J, Cai ZD. A comparison of regional and general anaesthesia for total replacement of the hip or knee: a meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009;7:935–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Pugely AJ, Martin CT, Gao Y, Mendoza-Lattes S, Callaghan JJ. Differences in short-term complications between spinal and general anesthesia for primary total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:193–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Macfarlane AJR, Prasad AG, Chan VWS, Brull R. Does regional anesthesia improve outcome after total knee arthroplasty? Clinic Orthop Related Res. 2009;467:2379–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Haughom BD, Schairer WW, Nwachukwu BU, Hellman MD, Levine BR. Does neuraxial anesthesia decrease transfusion rates following total hip arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:116–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Rashig S, Finegan BA. The effect of spinal anesthesia on blood transfusion rate in total joint arthroplasty. Can J Surg. 2006;49:391–6.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Harsten A, Kehlet H, Toksvig-Larsen S. Recovery after total intravenous general anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia for total knee arthroplasty: a randomized trial. Br J Anaesth. 2013;111:391–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Sharrock NE, Mineo R, Urquhart B, Salvati EA. The effect of two level of hypotension on intraoperative blood loss during total hip arthroplasty performed under lumbar epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1993;76:580–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Danninger T, Stundner O, Ma Y, Bae JJ, Memtsoudis SG. The impact of hypothensive epidural anaesthesia on distal and proximal tissue perfusion in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. J Anesth Clin Res. 2013;4:366.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Kiss H, Raffl M, Neumann D, Hutter J, Dorn U. Epinephrine-augmented hypothensive epidural anesthesia replaces tourniquet use in total knee replacement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;436:184–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Juelsgaard P, Larsen UT, Sørensen JV, Madsen F, Søballe K. Hypotensive epidural anesthesia in total knee replacement without tourniquet: reduced blood loss and transfusion. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001;26:105–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Lerman DM, Rapp TB. Minimizing blood loss in orthopaedic surgery the role of antifibrinolytics. Bull Hosp Jt Dis (2013). 2015;73:83–9.3.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Eubanks JD. Antibrinolytics in major orthopaeedic surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18:132–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Meeran H. Should antifibrinolytics be used in orthopaedic surgery? Hosp Med. 2003;64:190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Sepah YJ, Umer M, Ahmad T, Nasim F, Chaudhry MU, Umar M. Use of tranexamic acid is a cost effective method in preventing blood loss during and after total knee replacement. J Orthop Surg Res. 2011;6:22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Martin K, Wiesner G, Breuer T, Lange R, Tassani P. The risks of aprotinin and tranexamic acid in cardiac surgery: a one-year follow-up of 1188 consecutive patients. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1783–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Fergusson DA, Hébert PC, Mazer CD, Fremes S, Mac Adams C, Murkin JM, Teoh K, Duke PC, Arellano R, Blajchman MA, Bussières JS, Coté D, Karski J, Martineau R, Robblee JA, Rodger M, Wells G, Clinch J, Pretorius R, BART Investigators. A comparison of aprotinin and lysone analogues in high-risk cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2319–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Mangano DT, Tudor IC, Dietzel C. Multicenter study of perioperative ischemia research group, ischemia research and education foundation. The risk associated with aprotinin in cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:353–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Yang ZG, Chen WP, Wu LD. Effectiveness and safety of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:1153–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Oremus K, Sostaric S, Trkulja V, Haspl M. Influence of tranexamic acid on postoperative autologous blood retransfusion in primary total hip and knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Transfusion. 2014;54:31–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Meena S, Benazzo F, Dwivedi S, Ghiara M. Topica versus intravenous tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2017;25:2309499016684300.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Zhang P, Liang Y, Chen P, Fang Y, He J, Wang J. Intravenous versus topical tranexamic acid in primary total hip replacement. A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95:e5573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Drosos GI, Ververidis A, Valkanis C, Tripsianis G, Stavroulakis E, Vogiatzaki T, Kazakos K. A randomized comparative study of topical versus intravenous tranexamic acid administration in enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) total knee replacement. J Orthop. 2016;13:127–31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Tzatzairis TK, Drosos GI, Kotsios SE, Ververidis AN, Vogiatzaki TD, Kazakos KI. Intravenous vs topical tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty without tourniquet application: a randomized controlled study. J Arthroplasty. 2016;11:2465–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Sun X, Dong Q, Zhang YG. Intravenous versus topical tranexamic acid in primary total hip replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2016;32:10–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Hsu CH, Lin PC, Kuo FC, Wang JW. A regime of two intravenous injections of tranexamic acid reduces blood loss in minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty: a prospective randomised double-blind study. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B:905–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Xie J, Ma J, Yao H, Yue C, Pei F. Multiple boluses of intravenous tranexamic acid to reduce hidden blood loss after primary total knee arthroplasty without tourniquet: a randomized clinical trial. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:2458–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Thipparampall AK, Gurajala I, Gopinath R. The effect of different dose regimens of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during hip surgery. Indian J Anaesth. 2017;61:235–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Chen JY, Chia SL, Lo NN, Yeo SJ. Intra-articular versus intravenous tranexamic acid in primary total knee replacement. Ann Transl Med. 2015;3:33.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Soni A, Saini R, Gulati A, Paul R, Bhatty S, Rajoli SR. Comparison between intravenous and intra-articular regimens of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:1525–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Maniar RN, Kumar G, Singhi T, Nayak RM, Maniar PR. Most effective regimen of tranexamic acid in knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized controlled study in 240 patients. Clin Orthop Related Res. 2012;470:2605–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Lin SY, Chen CH, Fu YC, Huang PJ, Chang JK, Huang HT. The efficacy of combined use of intraarticular and intravenous tranexamic acid on reducing blood loss and transfusion rate in total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:776–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Shang J, Wang H, Zheng B, Rui M, Wang Y. Combined intravenous and topical tranexamic acid versus intravenous use alone in primary total knee and hip arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg. 2016;36(Pt A):324–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Duncan CM, Gillette BP, Jacob AK, Sierra RJ, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Smith HM. Venous thromboembolism and mortality associated with tranexamic acid use during total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2015;30:2726.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Husted H. Fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty: clinical and organizational aspects. Acta Orthop Suppl. 2012;83:1–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. McDonald DA, Siegmeth R, Deakin AH, Kinninmonth AW, Scott NB. An enhanced recovery programme for primary total knee arthroplasty in the United Kingdom—follow up at one year. Knee. 2012;19:525–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Malviya A, Martin K, Harper I, Muller SD, Emmerson KP, Partington PF, Reed MR. Enhanced recovery program for hip and knee replacement reduces death rate. Acta Orthop. 2011;82:577–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Nielsen CS, Jans Ø, Ørsnes T, Foss NB, Troelsen A, Husted H. Combined intra-articular and intravenous acid reduces blood loss in total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016;98:835–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Jans Ø, Grevstad U, Mandøe H, Kehlet H, Johansson PI. A randomized trial of the effect of low dose epinephrine infusion in addition to tranexamic acid on bloos loss during total hip arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth. 2016;116:357–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Kelley TC, Tucker KK, Adams MJ, Dalury DF. Use of tranexamic acid results in decreased blood loss and decreased transfusions in patients undergoing staged total knee arthroplasty. Transfusion. 2014;54:26–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Gao F, Ma J, Sun W, Guo W, Li Z, Wang W. Topical fibrin sealant versus intravenous tranexamic acid for reducing blood loss following total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2016;32:31–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Choufani C, Barbier O, Bajard X, Ollat D, Versier G. Medical and economic impact of a haemostatic sealant on the rate of transfusion after total knee arthroplasty. Transfus Clin Biol. 2015;22:22–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Randelli F, D’Anchise R, Ragone V, Serrao L, Cabitza P, Randelli P. Is the newest fibrin sealant an effective strategy to reduce blood loss after total knee arthroplasty? A randomized controlled study. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:1516–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. van Bodegom-Vos L, Voorn VM, So-Osman C, Vliet Vlieland TP, Dahan A, Koopman-van Gemert AW, Vehmeijer SB, Nelissen RG, Marang-van de Mheen PJ. Cell salvage in hip and knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97:1012–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Haien Z, Yong J, Baoan M, Mingjun G, Qingyu F. Post-operative auto-transfusion in total hip or knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2013;8:e55073 Epub 2013 Jan 25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Markar SR, Jones GG, Karthikesalingam A, Segaren N, Patel RV. Transfusion drains versus suction drains in total knee replacement: meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20:1766–72 Epub 2011 Nov 10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Carless PA, Henry DA, Moxey AJ, O’Connell D, Brown T, Fergusson DA. Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogenic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2010;4:CD001888 Epub 2010 Apr 14.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Groenewold MD, Gribnau AJ, Ubbink DT. Topical haemostatic agents for skin wounds: a systematic review. BMC Surg. 2011;11:15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. Anderson LA, Engel GM, Bruckner JD, Stoddard GJ, Peters CL. Reduced bloos loss after total knee arthroplasty with local injection of bupivacaine and epinephrine. J Knee Surg. 2009;22:130–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Yang CY, Chang CW, Chen YN, Chang CH. Intra-articular injection of bupivacaine and epinephrine does not save blood loss after total knee arthroplasty. BJJ. 2016;98(Supp.1):68.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Zeng WN, Liu JL, Wang FY, Chen C, Zhou Q, Yang L. Low-dose epinephrine plus tranexamic acid reduces early postoperative blood loss and inflammatory response: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100:295–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Morin AM, Wulf H. High volume local infiltration analgesia (LIA) for total hip and knee arthroplasty: a brief review on the current status. Anaesthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2011;46:84–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Andersen LØ, Kehlet H. Analgesic efficacy of local infiltration analgesia in hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113:360–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Voorn VMA, Marang-van de Mheen PJ, van der Hout A, Hofstede SN, So-Osman C, van den Akker-van Marle ME, Kaptein AA, Stijnen T, Koopman-van Gemert AWMM, Dahan A, Vliet Vlieland TPMM, Nelissen RGHH, van Bodegom-Vos L. The effectiveness of a de-implementation strategy to reduce low-value blood management techniques in primary hip and knee arthroplasty: a pragmatic cluster-randomized controlled trial. Implement Sci. 2017;12:72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  149. Nielsen CS, Gromov K, Jans Ø, Troelsen A, Husted H. No effect of a bipolar sealer on total blood loss or blood transfusion in nonseptic revision knee arthroplasty—a prospective study with matched retrospective controls. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:177–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Rosenthal BD, Haughom BD, Levine BR. A retrospective analysis of hemostatic tehcniques in primary total knee arthroplasty: traditional electrocautery, bipolar sealer, and argon beam coagulation. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2016;45:E187–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Huang Z, Ma J, Shen B, Yang J, Zhou Z, Kang P, Pei F. Use of a bipolar blood-sealing system during total joint arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2015;38:757–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Kamath AF, Austin DC, Derman PB, Clement RC, Garino JP, Lee GC. Saline-coupled bipolar sealing in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Surg. 2014;6:298–304.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Marulanda GA, Krebs VE, Bierbaum BE, Goldberg VM, Ries M, Ulrich SD, Seyler TM, Mont MA. Hemostasis using a bipolar sealer in primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2009;38:E179–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Samdani AF, Torre-Healy A, Asghar J, Herlich AM, Betz RR. Strategies to reduce blood loss during posterior spinal fusion for neuromuscular scoliosis: a review of current techniques and experience with a unique bipolar electrocautery device. Surg Technol Int. 2008;17:243–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Yim AP, Rendina EA, Hazelrigg SR, Chow LT, Lee TW, Wan S, Arifi AA. A new technological approach to nonanatomical pulmonary resection: saline enhanced thermal sealing. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:1671–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Saltzman BM, Oni JK. A review of bipolar sealer use in modern total joint arthroplasty. Ann Orthop Rheumtaol. 2014;2:1015.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Gardner MJ, Demetrakopoulos D, Klepchick PR, Mooar PA. The efficacy of autologous platelet gel in pain control and blood loss in total knee arthroplasty. An analysis of the haemoglobin, narcotic requirement and range of motion. Int Orthop. 2007;31:309–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Guerreiro JP, Danieli MV, Queiroz AO, Deffune E, Ferreira RR. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) applied during total knee arthroplasty. Rev Bras Orthop. 2015;50:186–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Tingstad EM, Bratt SN, Hildenbrand KJ, O’Malley BA, Mitchell ER, Gaddis CE, Jacobson CA. Platelet-rich plasma does not decrease blood loss in total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2015;38:e434–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Schonauer C, Tessitore E, Barbagallo G, Albanese V, Moraci A. The use of local agents: bone wax, gelatin, collagen, oxidized cellulose. Eur Spine J. 2004;13(Suppl 1):S89–96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  161. Moo IH, Chen JYQ, Pagkaliwaga EH, Tan SW, Poon KB. Bone wax is effective in reducing blood loss after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2017;32:1483–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Solomon LB, Guevara C, Büchler L, Howie DW, Byard RW, Beck M. Does bone wax induce a chronic inflammatory articular reaction? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:3207–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Qian T, Ping S, Gang Z, Hua-Zi X, Hai-Xiao L. Extramedullary versus intramedullary femoral alignment technique in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Orthop Surg Res. 2017;12:82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. Meding JB, Berend ME, Ritter MA, Galley MR, Malinzak RA. Intramedullary vs extramedullary femoral alignment guides: a 15-year follow-up of survivorship. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:591–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Sehat KR, Evans RL, Newman JH. Hidden blood loss following hip and knee arthroplasty. Correct management of blood loss should take hidden loss into account. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:561–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Senthil Kumar G, Von Arx OA, Pozo JL. Rate of blood loss over 48 hours following total knee replacement. Knee. 2005;12:307–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Brock TM, Sprowson AP, Muller S, Reed MR. Short-stretch inelastic compression bandage in knee swelling following total knee arthroplasty study (STICKS): study protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility study. Trials. 2015;16:87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  168. Andersen LØ, Husted H, Otte KS, Kristensen BB, Kehelt HH. A compression bandage improves local infiltration analgesia in total knee arthroplasty. Acta Orthop. 2008;79:806–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Cheung A, Lykostratis H, Holloway I. Compression bandaging improves mobility following total knee replacement in an enhanced recovery setting. J Perioper Pract. 2014;24:84–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Pinsornsak P, Chumchuen S. Can a modified Robert Jones bandage after knee arthroplasty reduce blood loss? A prospective randomized controlled trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:1677–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  171. Munk S, Jensen NJ, Andersen I, Kehlet J, Hansen TB. Effect of compression therapy on knee swelling and pain after total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21:388–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Ni SH, Jiang WT, Guo L, Jin YH, Jiang TL, Zhao Y, Zhao J. Cryotherapy on postoperative rehabilitation of joint arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23:3354–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Adie S, Naylor JM, Harris IA. Cryotherapy after total knee arthroplasty a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25:709–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Ruffilli A, Castagnini F, Traina F, Corneti I, Fenga D, Giannini S, Faldini C. Temperature-controlled continuous cold flow device after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial study. J Knee Surg. 2017;30:675–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Wu Y, Yang T, Zeng Y, Si H, Li C, Shen B. Effect of different postoperative limb positions on blood loss and range of motion in total knee arthroplasty: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg. 2017;37:15–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Faldini C, Traina F, De Fine M, Pedrini M, Sambri A. Post-operative limb position can influence blood loss and range of motion after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23:852–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Yang Y, Yong-Ming L, Pei-jian D, Jia L, Ying-ze Z. Leg position influences early blood loss and functional recovery following total knee arthroplasty: a randomized study. Int J Surg. 2015;23(Pt A):82–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Muňoz M, Ariza D, Campos A, Martin-Montańez E, Pavía J. The cost of post-operative shed blood salvage after total knee arthroplasty: an analysis of 1.093 consecutive procedures. Blood Transfus. 2013;11:260–71.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  179. Kim YH, Cho SH, Kim RS. Drainage versus nondrainage in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Related Res. 1998;347:188–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Kim YH, Cho SH, Kim RS. Drainage versus nondrainage in simultaneous bilateral total hip arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty. 1998;13:156–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Tai TW, Jou IM, Chang CW, Lai KA, Yang CY. Non-drainage is better than 4-hour clamping drainage in total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2010;33 Epub 2010 Mar 10.

  182. Esler CN, Blakeway C, Fiddian NJ. The use of a closed-suction drain in total knee arthroplasty. A prospective, randomised study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85:215–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Mengal B, Aebi J, Rodriguez A, Lemaire R. A prospective randomized study of wound drainage versus non-drainage in primary total hip or knee arthroplasty. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 2001;87:29–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Stucinskas J, Tarasevicius S, Cebatorius A, Robertsson O, Smailys A, Wingstrand H. Conventional drainage versus four hour clamping drainage after total knee arthroplasty in severe osteoarthritis: a prospective, randomised trial. Int Orthop. 2009;33:1275–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Raleigh E, Hing CB, Hanusiewicz AS, Fletcher SA, Price R. Drain clamping in knee arthroplasty, a randomized controlled trial. ANZ J Surg. 2007;77:333–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Yamada K, Imaizumi T, Uemura M, Takada N, Kim Y. Comparison between 1-hour and 24-hours drain clamping using diluted epinephrine solution after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2011;16:458–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Pornrattanamaneewong C, Narkbunnam R, Siriwattanasakul P, Chareancholvanich K. Three-hour interval drain clamping reduces postoperative bleeding in total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132:1059–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Liao L, Chen Y, Tang Q, Chen XY, Wang WC. Tranexamic acid plus drain-clamping can reduce blood loss in total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2018;52:334–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Chareancholvanich K, Siriwattanasakul P, Narkbunnam R, Pornrattanamaenewong C. Temporary clamping of drain combined with tranexamic acid reduce blood loss after total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  190. Zan P, Yao JJ, Fan L, Yang Y, Zhou Z, Wu Z, Zhu C, Yang D, Li G. Efficacy of a four-hour drainage clamping technique in the reduction of blood loss following total hip arthroplasty: a prospective cohort study. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:2708–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  191. Xu X, Li X, Liu W, Wang Z. Longtime soaking of high concentration tranexamic acid in total hip arthroplasty: A prospective randomized controlled trial in 224 patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31:1306–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  192. Zhang S, Xu B, Huang Q, Yao H, Xie J, Pei F. Early Removal of drainage tube after fast-track primary total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg. 2017;30:571–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Arsoy D, Giori NJ, Woolson ST. Mobile compression reduces bleeding-related readmissions and wound complications after THA and TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2018;476:381–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  194. Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Berqqvist D, Lassen MR, Colwell CW, Ray JG. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:338S–400S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Nicolaides AN, Breddin HK, Fareed J, Goldhaber S, Haas S, Hull R, Kalodiki E, Myers K, Samama M, Sasahara A, Cardiovascular disease educational and research trust and the international union of angiology. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. International Consensus Statement. Guidelines compiled in accordance with the scientific evidence. Int Angiol. 2001;20:1–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Tyagi V, Tomaszwewski P, Lukasiewicz A, Theriault S, Pelker R. The role of intraoperative intermittend pneumatic compression devices in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in total hip and total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2018;41:e98–e103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Caprini JA. Thrombosis risk assessment as a guide to quality patient care. Dis Mon. 2005;51:70–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Husted H, Otte KS, Kristensen BB, Ørsnes T, Wong C, Kehlet H. Low risk of thromboembolic complications after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty. Acta Orthop. 2010;81:599–605.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  199. Chandrasekaran S, Ariaretnam SK, Tsung J, Dickison D. Early mobilization after total knee replacement reduces the incidence of deep venous thrombosis. ANZ J Surg. 2009;79:526–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Wellman SS, Murphy AC, Gulcynski D, Murphy SB. Implementation of an accelerated mobilization protocol following primary total hip arthroplasty: impact on length of stay and disposition. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2011;4:84–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  201. Bonutti PM, Sodhi N, Patel YH, Sultan AA, Khlopas A, Chughtai M, Kolisek FR, Williams N, Mont MA. Novel venous thromboembolic disease (VTED) prophylaxis for total knee arthroplasty-aspirin and fish oil. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(Suppl 3):S30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Roberts M, Ahya R, Greaves M, Maffulli N. A one-centre prospective audit of peri- and postoperative blood loss and transfusion practice in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2000;82:4–8.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Voorn VMA, van Bodegom-Vos L, So-Osman C. Towards a systematic approach for (de)implementation of patient blood management strategies. Transfus Med. 2018;28:158–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Scientific Direction, Milan, Italy

    Federico Pennestrì, Paolo Sirtori, Paolo Perazzo, Francesco Negrini, Giuseppe Banfi & Giuseppe M Peretti

  2. Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy

    Nicola Maffulli

  3. San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona Hospital “Clinica Orthopedica” Department, Hospital of Salerno, Salerno, Italy

    Nicola Maffulli

  4. Queen Mary University of London, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, London, England

    Nicola Maffulli

  5. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Scientific Direction, Milan, Italy

    Giuseppe Banfi

  6. University of Milan, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Milan, Italy

    Giuseppe M Peretti

Authors
  1. Federico Pennestrì
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nicola Maffulli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Paolo Sirtori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paolo Perazzo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Francesco Negrini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Giuseppe Banfi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Giuseppe M Peretti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

GB, FN, and PP contributed to the design of the work. FP contributed to the acquisition and analysis. PS contributed to the interpretation of data. NM and GP developed the idea, supervised the writing of and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicola Maffulli.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pennestrì, F., Maffulli, N., Sirtori, P. et al. Blood management in fast-track orthopedic surgery: an evidence-based narrative review. J Orthop Surg Res 14, 263 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-019-1296-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-019-1296-5

Keywords

  • Blood management
  • Fast-track surgery
  • Orthopedics
  • Joint replacement
  • Health care value
  • Ethics

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

ISSN: 1749-799X