In recent years, the use of the Ilizarov External Fixator (IEF) has been increasingly adopted for the management of complex intra- or peri-articular fractures of the knee and ankle joints. Also, the use of external fixation, based on Ilizarov principles, is invaluable in the management of difficult open tibial fractures [1].

Established indications for the application of IEF in acute trauma or the sequelae thereof include fractures in the anatomical vicinity of the knee and ankle joints, particularly those presenting with short bone fragments (e.g. a proximal tibial or a distal malleolar bone fragment), recalcitrant septic non-unions of the femur or tibia, complex fractures and non-unions of the distal femur (AO Types A1-2-3 and C1-2-3, where the distal segment is not amenable to internal fixation techniques), and cases of non- or mal-union of the foot and ankle [2–4]. Finally, the use of the IEF is also considered a viable treatment option in the management of periprosthetic distal femoral fractures (i.e. in the vicinity of a knee arthroplasty) and for elective cases, such as a proximal tibial osteotomy.

In many of the cases listed above, surgical techniques other than the IEF) are likely to compromise the soft tissue envelope (such as conventional open reduction and internal plate fixation) as well as the quality of fracture fixation (such as intramedullary nailing in a distal femur with minimal distal bone stoke as in AO Type A1), resulting in a biologically and mechanically suboptimal environment for fracture healing, [5, 6].

However, the functional outcome is also highly dependent on the condition of soft tissues before treatment [1].

When applying the IEF in those cases, the surgeon often has to negotiate peri-articular bone fragments of inadequate length for placement of a sufficient number of wires with satisfactory bony purchase; if this technical difficulty cannot be overcome, the mechanical aspect of fracture fixation is compromised, risking failure of the fracture to unite.

On the other hand, one must bear in mind that there are no adverse effects of obesity, age, smoking, neuropathy, or Charcot neuroarthropathy on the complication rates and the post-operative recovery, when the IEF is used [7].

Over the past few years, our surgical team has often managed those challenging cases by incorporating a twin-ring module within the IEF frame. We observed that the final clinical outcome of this technique has been extremely rewarding in most patients. The purpose of this paper is to present the technical details associated with the application of the twin-ring (TR) IEF module in a series of select trauma patients. We also present the results of the biomechanical testing performed to investigate the properties of the proposed configuration, in comparison to a conventional, single-ring (SR) construct.

We hypothesized that the clinical effectiveness of the TR IEF concept might be attributed to the increased thickness of the double ring (2 × 5.0 = 10.0 mm) and the resultant increased vertical distance between its upper and lower wire levels, allowing for safe placement of up to 5 wires. As a matter of fact, this advantage was first perceived on the basis of subjective surgical judgment, providing qualitative hints to a more rigid and, therefore, mechanically sound construct. In order to validate those assumptions objectively, a series of biomechanical tests was designed, as follows.

3.2 Testing apparatus and protocol

A materials testing machine (Imperial 2500, MECMESIN, UK) with a 1 kN load cell (ILC 1000N, MECMESIN, UK) was equipped with a device especially designed to accommodate, mount and load the SR and TR modules. This device comprised robust horizontal and vertical steel plates, as well as cannulated posts and 5 mm-thick washers used as spacers, when necessary, to negotiate step-height differences. A series of eight long M6 bolts were used to distally fix SR and TR specimens onto the device, in a safe circumferential configuration.

A vertical displacement, input from the load cell to the bone substitute, was applied to create the required loading configurations, as follows:

• axial loading (AX) was applied with the plane of SR and TR rings horizontal (Figure 6),

• shear loading (SH) was applied with the plane of SR and TR rings vertical (Figure 7).

The load cell was equipped with a loading rod connected to the bone model through a freely pivoting pin. In both loading configurations, various cyclic loading regimens were tested (Table 2). The testing machine was always in displacement control (i.e. controlling testing speed). With a sampling frequency of 100 Hz, load, displacement and time were recorded.

Axial Loading		Shear Loading
displacement range (mm)	testing speed (mm/minute)	displacement range (mm)	testing speed (mm/minute)
± 3.0	20	± 3.0	30
± 5.0	30	± 5.0	30
± 7.0	50

For all axial and shear loading tests, comparative graphs of load vs. displacement were obtained (Figures 8, 9). The effective passive stiffness of each ring module was assessed by calculating the slope values (N/mm), based on linear trends between zero and maximum displacement points (Tables 3, 4).

The mean biomechanical responses of TR and SR modules may be summarized as follows: in axial loading, the TR module demonstrated a lower stiffness than the SR module (71.4 ± 3.0 N/mm vs. 94.4 ± 2.9 N/mm, respectively), while in shear loading the stiffness of the TR was higher than that of the SR module (27.9 ± 1.3 N/mm vs. 18.5 ± 5.3 N/mm, respectively).

These biomechanical differences between TR and SR were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001), both in axial and shear loading, (Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test).

When treating trauma patients with an IEF, the surgeon is not infrequently faced with the challenge of fractures involving relatively short-length bone fragments (for instance, in the proximal or distal tibial metaphysis). In those circumstances, it may be necessary to extend the frame beyond the involved joint in order to maximize the mechanical stability of the construct. In doing so, however, this joint is unnecessarily "locked" in place together with the fractured bone fragments. The resultant immobilisation of the articular surfaces may have detrimental implications for the final outcome as it is classically known that immobilization of the articular surfaces is associated with adverse sequelae, including stiffness or even arthritis.

As an alternative, it was thought that a twin-ring module could be used for the ring located adjacent to the short bone fragment. Our surgical team has proudly observed satisfactory clinical and functional outcomes in select trauma cases where the twin-ring module was used. It remained to be proven, however, that this configuration possessed adequate mechanical features. As a proof-of-principle procedure, we decided to run a series of biomechanical tests, in order to comparatively characterize the behaviour of single- and twin-ring IEF modules.

In axial loading, curves of load vs. displacement demonstrated a trend which was close to linear at low amplitudes (± 3 mm) and less so at higher (± 5 and ± 7 mm) amplitudes. In all cases, however, trends were continuous and quite regular, enabling us to quantify values of passive stiffness as the linear slopes between the zero and maximum displacement points. In all instances, the TR module demonstrated clearly lower values of passive stiffness than the SR module. The phenomenon of wire-pretension-loss during axial loading (long recognized and still investigated for IEF [8–12], although not detrimental in any case, is expected to be more clearly manifested in TR rather SR modules; since the increased vertical distance of TR wire levels induces successive rather than simultaneous loading of wire levels and therefore a less stiff behaviour. In the current context of TR modules, a lower stiffness in axial loading is thought to be beneficial, as it allows for the necessary axial micromotion and consequent compression between bone fragments [13].

In shear loading, curves of load vs. displacement demonstrated a trend consisting of distinct loops. The loops had a longer dimension along the x- (displacement) than along the y-axis (load). This pattern can be explained by the fact that, upon application of shear load, the plastic model simulating bone first slides against the wire aligned to the direction of load and then transfers the load to the construct. Our analysis deliberately ignored intermediate sliding events and was focused on the overall effective behavior of constructs instead. Therefore, it was conducted between zero and maximum displacement points. In all instances, the TR module demonstrated clearly higher values of passive stiffness than the SR module. A higher stiffness in shear loading is thought to be beneficial because it resists motion along the axial (transverse) plane of bone segments, potentially jeopardizing, or even disorganizing, callus formation [14].

The present biomechanical study was conceived, designed and executed in order to comparatively provide an insight to the mechanical performance of single- and double-ring modules of Ilizarov constructs. By eliminating potential confounding factors, the experimental setup and methodology ensured a comparative demonstration of biomechanical events, leading to a set of reliable findings with clinical implications.

This work may be expanded (and further research is currently under way) to encompass more elaborate mechanical testing, with different wire configurations and loading conditions (e.g. torsion). Furthermore, in an effort to create a permanent numerical model of Ilizarov constructs, computational studies involving finite element modeling and analysis (FEM-FEA) on both module configurations, can be undertaken.

The results of the present study have implications in the clinical setting. In cases of knee and ankle intra- or peri-articular fractures, it is often considered necessary to extend the IEF so as to span the involved joint, for the purposes of increased stability in bending loads. By being stiffer in shear loading, use of the twin-ring configuration may achieve an equally stable fixation without the need to bridge a joint. If a surgeon still decides to span a joint, the twin-ring module allows for earlier removal of the frame. In either case, an optimal clinical outcome is more likely. Furthermore, and possibly more importantly, in the immediate postoperative period, when the limb is immobilized for a 2-3 week period, neovessel formation occurs at the fracture region [15]. After the initiation of weight-bearing, the twin-ring system is more flexible in axial loading. This increased flexibility exploits those neovessels and promotes fracture healing, while the increased shear stiffness prevents horizontal micromotion and development of a non- or mal-union.

It is accepted that pin loosening and subsequent pin track infection [16] is a problem of rather mechanical aetiology, and usually occurs at the proximal- or distal-most ends of the external fixator.

Pin track infection also appeared in some of our cases and was treated with meticulous local cleaning and dressing, antibiotics and rarely with pin exchange. In this report this IEF treatment complication is not mentioned in detail as we principally focus on the technical aspects of TR configuration.

This complication has been attributed to local bending effects, particularly those in the vicinity of joints and can be effectively addressed either by extending the construct across the joint or by locally increasing the number of wires. Both options aim at increasing mechanical stability and enhancing bony union. The latter, however, is preferable and can be implemented more easily in a TR IEF configuration.

The TR Ilizarov construct possesses favourable biomechanical properties, which enhance fracture union and at the same time reduce complications arising from joint immobilization and pin/wire track infections. Our clinical outcomes, corroborated by the biomechanical proof-of-principle, are encouraging enough for us to recommend its continued use in patients with the appropriate clinical indications.

When treating select trauma patients, the application of the TR module in Ilizarov circular external fixators is suggested as a promising surgical alternative, offering satisfactory outcomes and reduced patient morbidity.