Table 4 SHEAR loading: Slope values in N/mm, characterizing the effective passive stiffness of ring modules, were calculated based on linear trends between zero and maximum displacement points
Passive Stiffness Values Average ± St.Deviation (N/mm) | SHEAR loading | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | negative direction | positive direction | both directions | overall |
TWIN RING module | ± 3 mm | 26.8 ± 0.1 | 28.9 ± 0.4 | 27.9 ± 1.1 | 27.9 ± 1.3 |
|  | ± 5 mm | 29.3 ± 0.5 | 26.6 ± 0.5 | 28.0 ± 1.5 |  |
SINGLE RING module | ± 3 mm | 19.3 ± 0.6 | 15.9 ± 0.5 | 17.6 ± 1.9 | 18.5 ± 5.3 |
|  | ± 5 mm | 26.4 ± 0.6 | 12.4 ± 0.3 | 19.4 ± 7.4 |  |