Fig. 8

Statistical analysis. Comparison of the bacterial counts in the three experimental groups. Upon carrying out statistical ANOVA, the F value was determined to be 50.8139, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 7.037 × 10⁻¹⁰, < 0.05). Compared with the Ti group, the bacterial counts of the TiO₂ and I-TiO₂ groups decreased to varying degrees, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Moreover, compared with the TiO₂ group, the bacterial count of the I-TiO₂ group was significantly lower (P < 0.05)