Table 2 Characteristics of included studies
Author | Country | Study Design | Participants | N (XR/control) | Surgical approach | Surgical conditions | Type of XR | Comparator | Accuracy of inclination | Accuracy of anteversion | Surgical duration | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | XR | Control | XR | Control | XR | Control |
Kartik et al.,2018 [24] | UK | RCT | Medical students | 12/12 | Posterior | Phantom hip model | AR | Training by an expert surgeon | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Kartik et al.,2019 [30] | UK | RCT | Residents | 12/12 | Direct anterior | Whole-body cadaver | VR | THA operation manual and annotated videos | 3° ± 3° | 15° ± 8° | 4° ± 3° | 16° ± 6° | 42 ± 7 min | 51 ± 9 min |
Jessica et al.,2019 [22] | USA | RCT | Residents | 7/7 | Standard posterolateral | Pelvis-to-toes cadaver specimen | VR | Standard study materials | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Kartik et al.,2020 [31] | UK | Prospective controlled study | Residents and expert hip surgeons | 32/4 | Direct anterior | Dry bone hip model or VR platform | VR | Expert hip surgeons | 4° ± 2° | 5° ± 2° | 6° ± 3° | 4° ± 2° | 36 ± 6 min | 30 ± 5 min |
Clayton et al., 2020 [28] | USA | RCT | Residents | 8/8 | Direct anterior | Radiopaque foam pelvis | AR | Standard Fluoroscopic Technique | 1.8° ± 1.4° | 4.8° ± 2.2° | 1.4° ± 0.7° | 4.8° ± 3.2° | 1.8 ± 0.25 min | 3.9 ± 1.6 min |