Fig. 2.

Schematic diagram of operation channel planning established via vertebral body before surgery (a). Preoperative gastric tube indwelling, puncture site localization, and surface marking schematic diagram (b). The position of the positioning needle was determined by the anterior-posterior(AP)and lateral C-arm X-ray perspective(c, d).The trephine were used to establish the bone channel and C-arm fluoroscopy was used to monitor the direction and depth of the trephine (e, f). AP and lateral C-arm X-ray fluoroscopy show the location of the work sleeve (g, h). In the intraoperative endoscopic image, the arrow indicates the intervertebral disc-osteophyte complex, and the triangle indicates the posterior longitudinal ligament(i). Intraoperative images of decompression of the spinal cord under endoscope, arrows indicating the posterior margin of the upper vertebral body, and triangles indicating the dura sac (j)