Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

Presence of low back pain, lower limb pain, or intermittent claudication

Imaging showed single-segment lumbar spinal stenosis

Failure of conservative treatment

Good condition and can tolerate general anesthesia surgery

Exclusion criteria

Previous surgery at the lumbar spine

Segment instability (spondylolisthesis > 5 mm or translation > 3 mm)

Lumbar kyphosis or scoliosis deformity

Combined with mental illness or spinal tumor

Pregnant patients

Incomplete follow-up information