Fig. 1

Characterization of PVA solution. A Adhesion of different concentrations of PVA solution to the bottle wall. B Dissolution rate of PVA coating on implants in PBS at 37 °C. C Shear viscosities curves of PVA solutions at 37 °C. Elastic (D) and viscous (E) component curves of shear modulus of different concentrations of PVA at 37 °C