Fig. 1
From: Glaucocalyxin A delays the progression of OA by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways
Glaucocalyxin A’s chemical structure and cytotoxic action on mouse chondrocytes. GLA can inhibit the production of inflammation-related factors when stimulated by IL-1β. ATDC5 cells activated or unstimulated by 10 ng/ml IL-1β were cultured for 2 days with or without GLA (0.5 µm). Western blot and qPCR were used to further examine the isolated RNA and total protein. A GLA’s chemical structure. B–D was utilized to access the cytotoxicity of different GLA concentrations and times on chondrocytes. E–G GLA decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokine-related marker genes. H The production of IL-6 in chondrocyte culture supernatant was detected using a double antibody sandwich technique. I Western blot analysis was employed to determine iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. The reported value is the mean SD of three independent experiments. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, when compared to the control group