Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the eligible studies

Aali Rezaei et al. [9]

USA

cTHA/pTHA

cTHA: 72 pTHA: 215

cTHA: 57 (25–89) pTHA: 58 (25–87)

cTHA: 37:35 pTHA: 109:106

PW: 21, PC: 3, AC: 3, Transverse: 2, PC/PW: 12, Transverse/PW: 11, AC/posterior hemi-transverse: 9, Both columns: 8, T- type: 1

cTHA: 34.8 (12–150) months pTHA: 36.72 (12–155) months

Bellabarba et al. [17]

USA

cTHA/pTHA

ORIF/Conservative

cTHA: 30

(ORIF: 15

Conservative: 15)

pTHA: 184

cTHA: 51 (26–86)

pTHA:

52 (20–84)

ORIF:

50 (26–86)

Conservative:

53 (29–85)

cTHA: 14:16

pTHA: 82:102

ORIF: 10:5

Conservative: 4:11

NA

cTHA: 63 (24–140) months

pTHA: 104 (78–126) months

Lizaur-utrilla et al. [25]

Spain

cTHA/pTHA

cTHA: 24

pTHA: 48

cTHA: 56.4 ± 13.8

pTHA: 57.4 ± 12.6

cTHA: 19:5

pTHA: 38:10

PW 8, AC 2, PW and column 9, T fracture 5

cTHA: 100.8 (60–180) months

pTHA: 90 (60–144) months

Schnaser et al. [33]

USA

cTHA/pTHA

cTHA: 17

pTHA: 21

cTHA: 69 (60–81)

pTHA: 70

cTHA: 13:4

pTHA: NM

Associated both column 5, AC and posterior hemi-transverse 2, AC 1, PW 2, PC and PW 5, T-type 2

77 ± 33 months

Scott et al. [34]

UK

cTHA/pTHA

cTHA: 49

pTHA: 98

cTHA: 57 (25–87)

pTHA: 55.6 (17–81)

cTHA: 33:16

pTHA: 66:32

PW 17, PC 0, AW 1, AC 1, Transverse 4, T-shaped 5, PC and wall 4, Transverse PW 8, AC, posterior hemi-transverse 4, Both columns 3, Unknown 2

cTHA: 9.1y (0.5–23)

pTHA: 7.6y (4–10)

McGowan et al. [28]

USA

cTHA/pTHA

cTHA: 30

pTHA: 20

cTHA: 51.7 ± 11.4

pTHA: 55.3 ± 12.7

cTHA: 15:15

pTHA: 10:10

PW: 8, AW:1, AC:1, Transverse: 2, AC posterior hemi-transverse: 2, PC PW: 2, Transverse PW: 4, T-type: 4, Both columns: 6

cTHA: 36.4 (2–51) months

pTHA: 7.4 months

Manirajan et al. [27]

USA

cTHA/pTHA

cTHA: 196

pTHA: 11,421

cTHA: NM

pTHA:

67.3

cTHA: NM

pTHA: 6678:4743

NA

2-year

Morison et al. [29]

Canada

cTHA/pTHA

ORIF/Conservative

cTHA: 74

(ORIF: 58

Conservative: 16)

pTHA: 74

cTHA:

51 (25–75)

pTHA:

52 (30–81)

cTHA:

50:24

pTHA:

50:24

cTHA: AC 2, PC 5, PW 23, transverse 5, anterior + posterior hemi-transverse 4, both columns 12, PC + PW 8, transverse + PW 7, T-type 8

cTHA: 8 (2–23) years

pTHA: 10 (2–24) years

Lee et al. [24]

Korea

cTHA/pTHA

cTHA: 57

pTHA: 57

cTHA: 52.5 ± 13.6

pTHA: 52.1 ± 14.6

cTHA:

31:26

pTHA:

30:27

NA

cTHA:7.8 ± 2.4 years

pTHA:7.8 ± 2.8 years

Garcia-Rey et al. [21]

Spain

ORIF/conservative

ORIF: 29

Conservative: 49

ORIF:

52.9 (23–78)

Conservative:

59.3 (27–84)

ORIF:

22:7

Conservative:

26:23

ORIF:

No radiograph: 1, AW: 0, AC: 1, PW: 2, PC: 3, Transverse: 0, Both columns: 4, PC/ PW: 6, Transverse/PW–T-type:9, T-type: 1

Conservative:

No radiograph: 8, AW: 2, AC: 0, PW: 5, PC: 6, Transverse: 8, Both columns: 6, PC/ PW: 6, Transverse/ PW–T-type: 4, T-type: 2

ORIF:

10.2 years (5 to 20)

Conservative:

11.7 years (5 to 23)

Gavaskar et al. [11]

India

ORIF/conservative

ORIF: 24

Conservative: 20

ORIF:

47 ± 9

Conservative:

49 ± 9

ORIF:

18:6

Conservative:

13:7

ORIF:

PW: 8, PC: 2, AW: 0, AC: 1, Transverse: 5, PW + PC: 2, Transverse + PW: 3, AC + posterior hemi-transverse: 1, T type: 3, Both column: 2

Conservative:

PW: 1, PC: 3, AW: 1, AC: 3, Transverse: 4, PW + PC: 2, Transverse + PW: 1, AC + posterior hemi-transverse: 1, T-type: 2, Both column: 2

ORIF:

82 ± 117 months

Conservative:

85 ± 16 months

Lai et al. [23]

China

ORIF/conservative

ORIF: 19

Conservative: 12

ORIF:

50 ± 10

Conservative:

52 ± 15

ORIF:

13:6

Conservative:

9:3

ORIF:

complex: 11, simple:8

Conservative:

complex:5, simple:7

6.3 years (range, 3.1–8.4 years)

Ranawat et al. [30]

USA

ORIF/conservative

ORIF: 24

Conservative: 8

ORIF:

49.7 (19–82)

Conservative:

47.5 (17–86)

Total:

23:9

ORIF:

PW 9, PC 1, transverse 1, both columns 3, + PW 5, PW + transverse 3, T-type 1, AC + posterior hemi-transverse 1 Conservative:

PW 4, transverse 2, both columns 1, comminuted AC/AW 1

56.4 (24–116.4) months

Salama et al. [32]

France

ORIF/conservative

ORIF: 17

Conservative: 4

NA

ORIF:

12:5

Conservative:

1:3

Simple fractures 9, Associated fractures 12

26 (24–36) months

Wang et al. [36]

China

ORIF/conservative

ORIF: 21

Conservative: 12

ORIF:

44.9 ± 10.5

Conservative:

45.5 ± 7.2

ORIF:

13:8

Conservative:

8:4

PC 4, PW 7, AC 2, AW 0, transverse 3, PW + PC 3, transverse + PW 6, both columns 4, T-shaped 2, AC + posterior hemi-transverse 3

138 ± 36 (96–204) months

Zhang et al. [37]

China

ORIF/conservative

ORIF: 32

Conservative: 21

ORIF:

NM

Conservative:

46.6(22–65)

Total:

42:11

ORIF:

PW: 14, transverse: 2, both columns: 1, PC + PW: 5, transverse + PW: 10,

Conservative:

PW: 14, transverse: 2, AC: 1, both columns: 2, PC + PW: 1, transverse + PW: 3

64 (32–123) months

Rommens et al. [31]

Germany

ORIF/conservative

ORIF: 26

Conservative: 3

ORIF:

77 (65–92)

Conservative: 81(73–104)

NA

ORIF: AC + posterior hemi-transverse: 12, both columns: 7, AC: 4, PW: 1, T-type: 2

36 (16–73) months

El-bakoury et al. [20]

Egypt

ORIF/conservative

ORIF: 25

Conservative: 15

Total:

46.7 (21–77)

Total:

31:9

NA

50 (16–87) months

Nicol et al. [13]

Canada

Acute/delayed

Acute: 12

Delayed: 14

Acute:

81 ± 7

Delayed:

76 ± 8

Acute:

6:6

Delayed:

8:6

Acute:

AC /posterior hemi-transverse: 5, both columns: 3, T-shape: 2, PC /PW: 1, AC: 1, Anterior: 0

Delayed:

AC/posterior hemi-transverse: 4, both columns: 5, T shape: 2, PC/PW: 1, AW: 1, Anterior: 1

60 ± 48 months

Garcia et al. [21]

France

Acute/delayed

Acute: 21

Delayed: 39

Acute: 70 (33–95)

Delayed:

54 (20–85)

Acute: 17:4

Delayed: 30:9

Acute:

PW: 1, PC: 1, transverse: 3, T-type: 4, PW + PC: 3, PW + T: 4, AC + posterior hemi-transverse: 1, both columns: 4

Delayed:

T-type: 4, PW + T: 3, AC + posterior hemi-transverse: 5, both columns: 10, PW: 10, AC: 1, PC: 1, transverse: 5

Acute: 42 (24–120) months

Delayed: 69.6 (24–132) months

Sermon et al. [35]

Belgium

Acute/delayed

Acute: 64

Delayed: 57

Acute: 78

Delayed: 53

Total: 65:56

Total:

PW: 26, transverse: 10, AC: 6, PC: 5, AW: 2, T + PW: 28, both columns: 25, T-shaped: 9, AW + posterior hemi-transverse: 6, PC + PW: 4

30.7 (12–80) months

Carroll et al. [18]

USA

Acute/delayed

Acute: 9

Delayed: 26

Total: 67 (56–89)

Total: 51:42

Both columns: 26, AC + posterior hemi-transverse: 20, PW: 15, transverse/PW: 10, t-type: 7, AC: 6, PC/PW: 5, AW: 2, transverse: 2

60 (24–188) months

Chemaly et al. [19]

Canada

Acute/delayed

Acute: 20

Delayed: 20

Total: 60

NA

Acute: PW: 6, AC: 1, PC: 2, Transverse: 1, T-type: 4, AC + hemi-posterior: 0, Both columns: 3, Transverse + PW: 2, PC + PW: 1,

Delayed: PW: 5, AC: 3, PC: 2, Transverse: 1, T-type: 3, AC + hemi-posterior: 1, Associated both columns: 3, Transverse + PW: 1, PC + PW: 1

30 (9–79.2) months

Lont et al. [26]

Finland

Acute/delayed

Acute: 34

Delayed: 9

Acute: 70 (56–87)

Delayed: 65 (58–74)

Acute: 24:10

Delayed: 6:3

NA

31.2 (0–108) months