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Table 1 Baseline Characteristics before and after Propensity Score Matching

From: The association between oral carbohydrate intake before orthopedic surgery for osteoporotic fractures and outcomes in elderly patients

Characteristics

Before matching

After matching

Control

CHO

Standardized differencea

P-value

Control

CHO

Standardized differencea

P-value

(N = 608)

(N = 271)

(N = 264)

(N = 264)

Mean (SD) Median (Q1–Q3)/N (%)

Mean (SD) Median (Q1–Q3)/N (%)

Age

69.90 (11.63) 70.00 (61.00–79.00)

74.75 (9.76) 74.00 (67.00–82.00)

0.45 (0.31, 0.60)

 < 0.001

75.76 (10.43) 76.50 (68.00–84.00)

74.45 (9.62) 73.50 (66.00–82.00)

0.13 (− 0.04, 0.30)

0.135

BMI

22.95 (3.38) 22.86 (20.75–25.13)

23.11 (3.41) 23.01 (20.52–25.39)

0.05 (− 0.09, 0.19)

0.506

22.75 (3.49) 22.49 (20.28–25.26)

23.06 (3.41) 22.86 (20.49–25.35)

0.09 (− 0.08, 0.26)

0.305

Serum sodium, mmol/L

140.66 (2.73) 140.80 (139.10–142.40)

140.85 (3.01) 140.90 (139.10–142.75)

0.07 (− 0.08, 0.21)

0.349

140.58 (2.88) 140.85 (139.00–142.40)

140.89 (2.98) 140.90 (139.10–142.70)

0.10 (− 0.07, 0.27)

0.234

Serum potassium, mmol/L

3.89 (0.45) 3.89 (3.60–4.13)

3.87 (0.43) 3.87 (3.60–4.08)

0.04 (− 0.10, 0.18)

0.604

3.91 (0.45) 3.92 (3.65–4.15)

3.86 (0.41) 3.87 (3.60–4.08)

0.11 (− 0.06, 0.28)

0.202

Serum calcium, mmol/L

2.20 (0.13) 2.20 (2.12–2.29)

2.20 (0.12) 2.21 (2.13–2.27)

0.02 (− 0.13, 0.16)

0.818

2.20 (0.14) 2.21 (2.12–2.29)

2.20 (0.12) 2.21 (2.13–2.27)

0.01 (− 0.16, 0.18)

0.905

Serum magnesium, mmol/L

0.89 (0.10) 0.89 (0.82–0.95)

0.88 (0.11) 0.89 (0.82–0.95)

0.05 (− 0.09, 0.19)

0.489

0.88 (0.10) 0.88 (0.82–0.95)

0.88 (0.11) 0.89 (0.82–0.95)

0.01 (− 0.16, 0.18)

0.928

Serum phosphate, mmol/L

1.07 (0.21) 1.07 (0.94–1.20)

1.07 (0.19) 1.06 (0.95–1.19)

0.04 (− 0.11, 0.18)

0.61

1.09 (0.21) 1.10 (0.96–1.21)

1.07 (0.19) 1.06 (0.95–1.19)

0.12 (− 0.05, 0.29)

0.184

Hemoglobin, g/L

126.12 (20.31) 129.00 (114.50–141.00)

124.70 (18.35) 127.00 (113.10–138.80)

0.07 (− 0.07, 0.22)

0.322

125.74 (21.37) 129.00 (113.00–141.00)

124.88 (17.85) 127.00 (113.80–138.00)

0.04 (− 0.13, 0.21)

0.618

Platelet count, × 109/L

175.98 (64.45) 166.00 (136.00–211.00)

177.50 (69.59) 166.00 (130.00–214.95)

0.02 (− 0.12, 0.17)

0.754

171.61 (61.97) 162.00 (134.00–205.00)

178.20 (70.02) 166.50 (130.00–215.00)

0.10 (− 0.07, 0.27)

0.253

Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L

5.45 (0.73) 5.51 (5.05–5.89)

5.47 (0.73) 5.60 (5.08–5.90)

0.03 (− 0.11, 0.18)

0.662

5.45 (0.71) 5.50 (5.05–5.92)

5.47 (0.73) 5.59 (5.07–5.90)

0.03 (− 0.14, 0.20)

0.748

Serum albumin, g/L

39.93 (4.47) 40.10 (37.08–42.92)

39.72 (3.88) 40.10 (37.40–42.20)

0.05 (− 0.09, 0.20)

0.488

39.95 (4.52) 40.20 (36.80–42.92)

39.68 (3.87) 40.10 (37.30–42.20)

0.06 (− 0.11, 0.23)

0.461

Neutrophil count, × 109/L

6.55 (3.15) 5.88 (4.30–8.00)

6.57 (2.82) 6.10 (4.56–8.26)

0.01 (− 0.14, 0.15)

0.917

6.56 (3.19) 5.90 (4.40–8.00)

6.53 (2.77) 6.05 (4.51–8.23)

0.01 (− 0.16, 0.18)

0.918

Lymphocyte count, × 109/L

1.26 (0.53) 1.20 (0.90–1.60)

1.25 (0.56) 1.20 (0.90–1.53)

0.02 (− 0.13, 0.16)

0.801

1.28 (0.52) 1.20 (0.90–1.60)

1.26 (0.57) 1.20 (0.90–1.56)

0.05 (− 0.12, 0.22)

0.576

Monocyte count, × 109/L

0.55 (0.49) 0.50 (0.40–0.70)

0.52 (0.27) 0.50 (0.38–0.63)

0.07 (− 0.07, 0.22)

0.366

0.51 (0.25) 0.48 (0.35–0.64)

0.52 (0.27) 0.50 (0.40–0.63)

0.02 (− 0.15, 0.19)

0.783

ALT, U/L

23.94 (21.53) 20.00 (14.00–28.00)

23.61 (16.96) 19.00 (15.00–26.00)

0.02 (− 0.13, 0.16)

0.824

25.35 (27.76) 20.00 (14.75–28.00)

23.46 (16.90) 19.00 (15.00–26.00)

0.08 (− 0.09, 0.25)

0.345

AST, U/L

26.25 (19.58) 23.00 (18.00–29.00)

25.59 (16.30) 22.00 (19.00–27.50)

0.04 (− 0.11, 0.18)

0.629

27.12 (26.02) 23.00 (18.00–29.00)

25.38 (15.79) 22.00 (19.00–27.25)

0.08 (− 0.09, 0.25)

0.355

Serum creatinine, μmol/L

66.98 (22.92) 63.00 (54.00–76.00)

67.30 (22.69) 64.00 (55.00–76.00)

0.01 (− 0.13, 0.16)

0.845

68.91 (24.80) 65.00 (55.00–78.00)

66.31 (19.70) 63.00 (54.75–74.25)

0.12 (− 0.05, 0.29)

0.182

Serum urea nitrogen, mmol/L

6.08 (2.32) 5.60 (4.61–6.90)

5.95 (2.30) 5.60 (4.48–6.82)

0.06 (− 0.09, 0.20)

0.441

6.22 (2.45) 5.70 (4.80–7.10)

5.87 (2.11) 5.57 (4.45–6.80)

0.15 (− 0.02, 0.32)

0.081

Serum uric acid, μmol/L

286.99 (91.67) 282.00 (223.25–344.00)

286.14 (87.16) 276.00 (232.50–332.00)

0.01 (− 0.13, 0.15)

0.898

287.37 (90.65) 282.00 (222.50–342.00)

283.92 (85.93) 275.50 (229.75–328.00)

0.04 (− 0.13, 0.21)

0.654

Sex

  

0.19 (0.04, 0.33)

0.01

  

0.02 (− 0.16, 0.19)

0.858

 Female

422 (69.41%)

164 (60.52%)

  

161 (60.98%)

163 (61.74%)

  

 Male

186 (30.59%)

107 (39.48%)

  

103 (39.02%)

101 (38.26%)

  

Smoking

  

0.03 (− 0.11, 0.17)

0.683

  

0.01 (− 0.16, 0.18)

0.874

 No

557 (91.61%)

246 (90.77%)

  

243 (92.05%)

242 (91.67%)

  

 Yes

51 (8.39%)

25 (9.23%)

  

21 (7.95%)

22 (8.33%)

  

Drinking

  

0.10 (− 0.04, 0.25)

0.143

  

0.00 (− 0.17, 0.17)

1

 No

580 (95.39%)

252 (92.99%)

  

247 (93.56%)

247 (93.56%)

  

 Yes

28 (4.61%)

19 (7.01%)

  

17 (6.44%)

17 (6.44%)

  

Fracture site

  

0.19 (0.05, 0.34)

0.069

  

0.21 (0.04, 0.38)

0.115

 Spine

288 (47.37%)

107 (39.48%)

  

98 (37.12%)

107 (40.53%)

  

 Hip

230 (37.83%)

107 (39.48%)

  

128 (48.48%)

103 (39.02%)

  

 Proximal humerus

17 (2.80%)

11 (4.06%)

  

7 (2.65%)

11 (4.17%)

  

 Wrist

73 (12.01%)

46 (16.97%)

  

31 (11.74%)

43 (16.29%)

  

ASA score

  

0.19 (0.04, 0.33)

0.031

  

0.14 (− 0.03, 0.31)

0.282

 1

93 (15.30%)

38 (14.02%)

  

31 (11.74%)

38 (14.39%)

  

 2

432 (71.05%)

177 (65.31%)

  

189 (71.59%)

172 (65.15%)

  

 3

83 (13.65%)

56 (20.66%)

  

44 (16.67%)

54 (20.45%)

  

CCI

  

0.15 (0.01, 0.29)

0.17

  

0.07 (− 0.10, 0.24)

0.735

 0

533 (87.66%)

244 (90.04%)

  

242 (91.67%)

237 (89.77%)

  

 1

55 (9.05%)

24 (8.86%)

  

20 (7.58%)

24 (9.09%)

  

 2

20 (3.29%)

3 (1.11%)

  

2 (0.76%)

3 (1.14%)

  

Prior fracture

  

0.19 (0.05, 0.33)

0.012

  

0.02 (− 0.15, 0.19)

0.806

 No

479 (78.78%)

233 (85.98%)

  

224 (84.85%)

226 (85.61%)

  

 Yes

129 (21.22%)

38 (14.02%)

  

40 (15.15%)

38 (14.39%)

  

Anesthesia

  

0.19 (0.05, 0.34)

0.03

  

0.15 (− 0.02, 0.32)

0.229

 General anesthesia

322 (52.96%)

118 (43.54%)

  

119 (45.08%)

117 (44.32%)

  

 Spinal anesthesia

195 (32.07%)

100 (36.90%)

  

108 (40.91%)

96 (36.36%)

  

 Brachial plexus block anesthesia

91 (14.97%)

53 (19.56%)

  

37 (14.02%)

51 (19.32%)

  

Hypertension

  

0.04 (− 0.10, 0.18)

0.569

  

0.01 (− 0.16, 0.18)

0.924

 No

410 (67.43%)

188 (69.37%)

  

184 (69.70%)

185 (70.08%)

  

 Yes

198 (32.57%)

83 (30.63%)

  

80 (30.30%)

79 (29.92%)

  
  1. CHO carbohydrate, BMI body mass index, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, AST serum aspartate aminotransferase, and ALT serum alanine transaminase
  2. aStandardized differences of < 0.10 for a given covariate indicate a relatively small imbalance
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Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

ISSN: 1749-799X