Table 1 Examples of natural products for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis through ferroptosis
Natural products | Mechanisms related to ferroptosis regulation | Mechanism of the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Artemisinin | Increased TFR1-mediated iron uptake | Promotion of OC differentiation | |
Gastrodin | Activation of the NRF2/HO-1 pathway | Enhanced differentiation of OB to improve OB function | |
Biochanin A | Alters the Nrf2 and System Xc-/GPX4 signaling pathways to prevent lipid peroxidation | Inhibition of OC differentiation | [95] |
Astragalus polysaccharide | Reduce the accumulation of ROS in mitochondria | Promoting the proliferation and differentiation of OB | [96] |
Quercetin | The antioxidant pathway reduces ROS accumulation | Protects OB from damage | [102] |
Phenolic glycoside curculigoside | Upregulation of FoxO1 and Nrf2 levels, downregulation of p53 and FoxO1 phosphorylation levels | Enhance the proliferation and differentiation ability of osteoblasts | [104] |
Resveratrol | protects Runx2, OCN and type I collagen | Inhibition of osteoclasts | [105] |
Icariin | Inhibition of ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential dysfunction | Inhibition of osteoclasts and protection of osteoblasts | [107] |
Neferine | By regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to control cell ferroptosis | Inhibition of osteoclasts and protection of osteoblasts | |
Curcumin | Regulating AKT/GSK3βpathway to improve mitochondrial oxidative status | Inhibited the death of the osteoblast line Saos-2 | |
Artesunate | Increasing the production of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonanal | Inhibiting the activity and differentiation of osteoclast | [117] |
Maresin1 | Activating the NRF2 signaling pathway, further increasing the activity of GPX4 and SLC7A11 | Inhibiting the ferroptosis in osteoblasts and promoting the osteogenic ability of MC3T3-E1 cells | [119] |
Silymarin | Enhancing the expression of RUNX2 and SIRT1 | Inhibiting the ferroptosis in osteoblasts | [121] |
Xanthohumol | Activating the AKT/GSK3β/ Nrf2 pathway | Protecting osteoblasts from ferroptosis | [126] |
Geniposide | Antioxidant via directly upregulating Grsf1 of GPX4 | Inhibiting the osteoblast death | |
Qing'e Pill | Affects the System Xc-/GPX4 signaling pathway | Promotes the differentiation of OB | [131] |