Table 3 Risk factors for neuropathic pain in complete or incomplete SCI according to American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale: univariate logistic regression analysis

Age (y)

 ≤ 40

–

–

41–60

(0.183, 2.548)

(0.170, 2.039)

 > 60

(0.282, 6.835)

(0.170, 2.138)

Sex

Male

(0.541, 3.340)

(0.410, 1.461)

Female

–

–

Age at injury (y)

 ≤ 40

–

–

41–60

(0.164, 1.883)

(1.420, 29.10)

 > 60

(0.483, 6.547)

(2.059, 43.48)

Time post-injury (y)

(0.825, 2.282)

(0.965, 1.282)

Body Mass Index(kg/m²)

 < 24

(0.953, 1.071)

(0.459, 1.395)

 ≥ 24

–

–

Current smoker

(0.466, 1.582)

(0.515, 1.959)

Highest level of education

Illiterate

(0.282, 4.749)

(0.065, 1.055)

Pre–high school

(0.254, 1.823)

(0.440, 2.095)

High school

(0.321, 2.468)

(0.274, 1.115)

College and above

–

–

Etiology

Falls

(0.145, 2.783)

(0.453, 3.742)

Traffic accident

(0.240, 5.390)

(0.615, 5.294)

Violence

(0.041, 2.200)

(0.366, 10.919)

Others

–

–

ISS

 < 16

–

–

 ≥ 16

(1.157, 5.507)

(1.350, 7.452)

Neurological level of injury

High cervical (C1–C4)

(1.350, 9.291)

(1.037, 5.278)

Low cervical (C5–T1)

(0.514, 3.628)

(1.215, 5.184)

Thoracic/thoracolumbar (T2–L2)

–

–

Baseline neurological examination time (hours post-injury):

(0.823, 2.326)

(0.859, 2.153)

Time from injury to surgery

 ≤ 8 h

(0.185, 2.676)

(0.062, 0.795)

8–24 h

(0.550, 2.862)

(0.224, 1.131)

 > 24 h

–

–

Treated with high-dose methylprednisolone

(1.314, 6.266)

(1.249, 4.143)