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Table 3 Association between blood trace elements and the risk of low BMD/osteoporosis

From: Associations of blood trace elements with bone mineral density: a population-based study in US adults

Elements

 

Normal BMD vs low BMD

Non-Osteoporosis vs Osteoporosis

  

OR(95%CI)

P for trend

OR(95%CI)

P for trend

Male

Fe

Q1

1

0.248

1

0.483

 

Q2

0.981 (0.612,1.571)

 

1.359 (0.4,4.611)

 
 

Q3

1.002 (0.569,1.764)

 

0.762 (0.222,2.612)

 
 

Q4

0.765 (0.469,1.249)

 

0.887 (0.292,2.697)

 

Zn

Q1

1

0.950

1

0.707

 

Q2

0.81 (0.518,1.267)

 

0.361 (0.139,0.938)

 
 

Q3

0.949 (0.613,1.468)

 

0.759 (0.289,1.996)

 
 

Q4

0.911 (0.592,1.403)

 

0.674 (0.318,1.429)

 

Cu

Q1

1

0.882

1

0.462

 

Q2

1.255 (0.827,1.904)

 

1.158 (0.557,2.405)

 
 

Q3

0.939 (0.606,1.452)

 

0.54 (0.181,1.605)

 
 

Q4

1.225 (0.621,2.416)

 

0.823 (0.126,5.375)

 

Se

Q1

1

0.185

1

0.828

 

Q2

1.019 (0.584,1.778)

 

0.403 (0.138,1.177)

 
 

Q3

0.92 (0.588,1.44)

 

0.689 (0.245,1.938)

 
 

Q4

1.403 (0.844,2.333)

 

0.744 (0.277,1.996)

 

Mn

Q1

1

0.230

1

0.585

 

Q2

0.74 (0.508,1.079)

 

1.586 (0.523,4.811)

 
 

Q3

0.614 (0.379,0.995)

 

0.816 (0.323,2.057)

 
 

Q4

0.946 (0.617,1.451)

 

0.931 (0.316,2.739)

 

Cd

Q1

1

0.746

1

0.807

 

Q2

0.988 (0.677,1.442)

 

1.652 (0.657,4.151)

 
 

Q3

0.995 (0.628,1.578)

 

0.841 (0.279,2.53)

 
 

Q4

0.914 (0.547,1.525)

 

0.969 (0.325,2.885)

 

Pb

Q1

1

0.305

1

0.615

 

Q2

1.028 (0.675,1.565)

 

1.286 (0.349,4.738)

 
 

Q3

0.783 (0.486,1.26)

 

0.687 (0.176,2.685)

 
 

Q4

0.865 (0.551,1.357)

 

1.402 (0.493,3.988)

 

Hg

Q1

1

0.399

1

0.503

 

Q2

0.779 (0.517,1.176)

 

1.227 (0.461,3.265)

 
 

Q3

0.941 (0.602,1.471)

 

1.087 (0.354,3.34)

 
 

Q4

0.765 (0.478,1.225)

 

0.617 (0.194,1.96)

 

Female

Fe

Q1

1

0.736

1

0.206

 

Q2

0.961 (0.585,1.578)

 

2.042 (0.765,5.453)

 
 

Q3

0.767 (0.472,1.245)

 

2.648 (0.981,7.153)

 
 

Q4

1.224 (0.674,2.222)

 

1.558 (0.429,5.661)

 

Zn

Q1

1

0.994

1

0.392

 

Q2

1.415 (0.864,2.318)

 

1.491 (0.511,4.349)

 
 

Q3

1.252 (0.777,2.015)

 

1.901 (0.62,5.829)

 
 

Q4

0.972 (0.552,1.713)

 

1.534 (0.361,6.521)

 

Cu

Q1

1

0.178

1

0.454

 

Q2

0.797 (0.459,1.384)

 

0.615 (0.093,4.072)

 
 

Q3

0.62 (0.305,1.257)

 

0.501 (0.099,2.522)

 
 

Q4

0.608 (0.307,1.206)

 

0.515 (0.096,2.756)

 

Se

Q1

1

0.371

1

0.460

 

Q2

1.21 (0.727,2.015)

 

2.307 (0.779,6.833)

 
 

Q3

1.041 (0.639,1.696)

 

1.709 (0.491,5.948)

 
 

Q4

0.768 (0.425,1.387)

 

1.69 (0.588,4.856)

 

Mn

Q1

1

0.333

1

0.576

 

Q2

1.266 (0.607,2.639)

 

0.931 (0.163,5.301)

 
 

Q3

1.103 (0.603,2.019)

 

1.116 (0.281,4.427)

 
 

Q4

1.388 (0.792,2.433)

 

1.423 (0.354,5.722)

 

Cd

Q1

1

0.104

1

0.738

 

Q2

1.056 (0.616,1.812)

 

0.511 (0.121,2.152)

 
 

Q3

1.195 (0.676,2.114)

 

0.374 (0.088,1.577)

 
 

Q4

1.773 (0.938,3.353)

 

0.67 (0.126,3.548)

 

Pb

Q1

1

0.030

1

0.036

 

Q2

1.409 (0.822,2.414)

 

3.305 (0.664,16.444)

 
 

Q3

1.461 (0.914,2.337)

 

3.267 (0.748,14.27)

 
 

Q4

2.06 (1.043,4.069)

 

4.629 (1.026,20.881)

 

Hg

Q1

1

0.454

1

0.625

 

Q2

0.758 (0.419,1.372)

 

1.988 (0.386,10.236)

 
 

Q3

0.663 (0.396,1.11)

 

1.378 (0.251,7.572)

 
 

Q4

0.87 (0.515,1.47)

 

1.912 (0.284,12.87)

 
  1. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, race, education level, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, status of hypertension, status of diabetes, status of hypertension, status of dyslipidemia, blood calcium levels, blood phosphorus levels, blood 25-OHD3
  2. Values in boldface are significantly different (p < 0.05) from the reference group