Table 1 Baseline characteristics of unweighted participants included in the analysis
Characteristic | Total (n = 2485) | Male (n = 1402, 56.4%) | Female (n = 1083, 43.6%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 37.98 ± 11.25 | 38.27 ± 11.31 | 37.60 ± 11.18 | 0.149 |
Race, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.021 |
Mexican American | 382(15.4%) | 193(13.8%) | 189(17.5%) | Â |
Other Hispanic | 271(10.9%) | 140(10.0%) | 131(12.1%) | Â |
Non-Hispanic white | 828(33.3%) | 490(35.0%) | 338(31.2%) | Â |
Non-Hispanic black | 556(22.4%) | 318(22.7%) | 238(22.0%) | Â |
Other races | 448(18.0%) | 261(18.6%) | 187(17.3%) | Â |
Education level, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.018 |
Under high school | 382(23.8%) | 281(20.0%) | 186(17.2%) | Â |
High school or equivalent | 256(48.7%) | 745(53.1%) | 567(52.4%) | Â |
Above high school | 145(27.6%) | 376(26.8%) | 330(30.5%) | Â |
BMI kg/m2 n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.336 |
Normal (BMI < 25 kg/m2) | 807(32.5%) | 435(31.0%) | 372(34.3%) |  |
Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2) | 777(31.3%) | 497(25.4%) | 280(25.9%) |  |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 901(36.3%) | 470(33.5%) | 431(39.8%) |  |
Smoke status, n (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
No | 1537(61.9%) | 758(54.1%) | 779(71.9%) | Â |
Yes | 948(38.1%) | 644(45.9%) | 304(28.1%) | Â |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
No | 715(28.8%) | 284(20.3%) | 431(39.8%) | Â |
Yes | 1770(71.2%) | 1118(79.7%) | 652(60.2%) | Â |
Hypertension, n (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
No | 2259(90.9%) | 1249(89.1%) | 1010(93.3%) | Â |
Yes | 226(9.1%) | 153(10.9%) | 73(6.7%) | Â |
Diabetes, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.161 |
No | 2328(93.7%) | 1305(93.1%) | 1023(94.5%) | Â |
Yes | 157(6.3%) | 97(6.9%) | 60(5.5%) | Â |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
No | 1760(70.8%) | 885(63.1%) | 875(80.8%) | Â |
Yes | 725(29.2%) | 517(36.9%) | 208(19.2%) | Â |
Blood calcium (mmol/L) | 2.35 ± 0.08 | 2.36 ± 0.80 | 2.33 ± 0.82 |  < 0.001 |
Blood phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.21 ± 0.18 | 1.21 ± 0.18 | 1.22 ± 0.18 | 0.020 |
Blood 25-OHD3 (nmol/L) | 55.52 ± 23.57 | 55.14 ± 21.78 | 56.03 ± 25.70 | 0.863 |
LS-BMD (g/cm2) | 1.036 ± 0.154 | 1.033 ± 0.163 | 1.041 ± 0.142 | 0.219 |
PV-BMD (g/cm2) | 1.252 ± 0.171 | 1.277 ± 0.178 | 1.220 ± 0.156 |  < 0.001 |
TF-BMD (g/cm2) | 1.185 ± 0.140 | 1.242 ± 0.133 | 1.111 ± 0.111 |  < 0.001 |