Table 3 Summary of certainty of evidence assessment for each outcome using the GRADE system
Outcome | Certainty of evidence | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Operative duration | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
Postoperative VAS scores (Back Pain) | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Postoperative VAS scores (Leg Pain) | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Postoperative ODI scores | Moderate | Low | High | Low | Moderate | Low |
Intraoperative blood loss | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low |