Table 4 Summary of included studies
Authors | Population | Wearable | Monitoring | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (N) | Surgery | Device | Location | Mobility Metrics | Timepoints | Duration | |
[32] | End-stage knee osteoarthritis n = 33 | Total knee arthroplasty | ActivPAL (PAL Technologies Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom) | Upper thigh | Sedentary time, Standing time, Upright time, Stepping time, Step count | Preoperatively, 6 months Postoperatively, 12 months postoperatively | 7–8 days |
[24] | Osteoarthritis N = 53 | Total knee arthroplasty | 1 Step activity monitor and 2 ADL monitors (McRoberts) | RIght ankle (step) Waist belt, anterior thigh (ADL) | Gait cycles, Walking time Resting time | preoperatively, 2 months Postoperatively, 6 months postoperatively, 12 months postoperatively | 7 days |
[25] | End-stage gonarthrosis N = 36 | Primary total knee arthroplasty | ActiCal (Philips Respironics, Bend, OR, USA) | Waist | Sedentary awake time, Light physical activity time, Moderate-vigorous physical activity time, Daily energy expenditure, Step count | Preoperatively, 6 months Postoperatively | at least 5 days (10 + hours / day) |
[35] | Hip osteoarthritis N = 60 | Total hip arthroplasty | ActivPAL (PAL Technologies Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom) | Anterior thigh (non-operative) | Upright time per 24 h, Walking time, Number of steps, Number of upright events/day | First postoperative week | 6–7 days (24 h/day) |
[26] | End-stage knee osteoarthritis N = 89 | Total knee arthroplasty | ActiGraph GT3X +  | Waist (operative) | Sedentary time, Light intensity activity time, Moderate intensity activity time, Vigorous intensity activity time, Step count | Preoperatively, 6 weeks postoperatively, 6 months postoperatively | 7 days (10 + hours/day) |
[27] | Knee osteoarthritis N = 73 | Total knee arthroplasty | ActivPAL (PAL Technologies Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom) | Anterior thigh (operative) | Sitting time, Standing time, Stepping time, Step count | Preoperatively, 6 weeks Postoperatively, 6 months postoperatively | 7 days (24 h / day) |
[19] | Lumbar Spine N = 216 | Lumbar decompression, discectomy and/or fusion | ActivPAL3 (PAL Technologies Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom) | Anterior thigh | Step count, Stepping time, Standing time, Sedentary time, Number of walking episodes > 1, 5, and 10 min long | First postoperative week | 8 days (8am on surgery morning - 8am on eighth day) 24 h a day |
[36] | Hip or knee osteoarthritis (N = 57) | Total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty | ActiGraph GT1M (ActiGraph LLC, Fort Walton Beach, FL, USA) | Waist | Activity counts, Proportion of time engaged in sedentary activity (activity intensity) | Preoperatively, 6 months postoperatively | Minimum of 4 of the 7 days (10 + hours/day) |
[20] | Lumbar spinal stenosis (N = 42), lumbar spondylolisthesis (N = 13), degenerative lumbar scoliosis (N = 5) | Lumbar decompression (n = 26) or lumbar fusion (n = 34) | Actigraph® Micro-Motion logger (Ambulatory Monitors Inc., Ardsley, NY, USA) | Wrist (non-dominant) | Activity counts | Preoperatively, 1 month postoperatively, 3 months postoperatively, 6 months postoperatively, 12 months postoperatively | 7 days (8AM to 6PM) |
[37] | Hip or knee osteoarthritis N = 24 | Total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty | ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer (v1.9.2, ActiGraph, LLC, Fort Walton Beach, FL, USA) | Waist (dominant) | Total time in sedentary bouts, Length of sedentary bouts, Step count, Total time in moderate-vigorous physical activity | Preoperatively Postoperatively (mean time between timepoints = 11.8 months) | 5 – 7 days, 16 h per day |
[39] | Hip or Knee osteoarthritis N = 146 | Total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty | Nokia Go (Nokia Europe, Issyles-Moulineaux, France) | Wrist | Step count | Preoperatively, 3 months postoperatively | 5–7 days. further detail not specified |
[27] | Knee Osteoarthritis N = 51 | Total knee replacement | Fitbit Flex-2 wristband | Wrist | Time in moderate-vigorous physical activity, Time in purposeful activity, Step count, Sedentary time | Preoperatively, 13 weeks postoperatively, 26 weeks postoperatively, 39 weeks postoperatively | 7 days, 24 h/day |
[33] | Advanced hip osteoarthritis N = 12 | Total hip arthroplasty | RT3 accelerometer (StayHealthy, Inc., Monrovia, CA) | Waist | Energy expenditure | One month preoperatively Six months postoperatively | 21 days |
[29] | Knee osteoarthritis N = 66 | Primary total knee arthroplasty | Lifecorder EX (Suzuken Co. Ltd, Nagoya, Japan) | Waist | Light physical activity time, Moderate-vigorous physical activity time, Total physical activity time, Step count | One month preoperatively Six months postoperatively | 7 days |
[29] | Hip osteoarthritis N = 153 | Total hip arthroplasty | Lifecorder EX (Suzuken Co. Ltd, Nagoya, Japan) | Waist | Step count, Moderate-vigorous physical activity time | Preoperatively, One year postoperatively, Three years postoperatively | 7 days |
[34] | Knee or hip osteoarthritis N = 242 (96 received remote monitoring) | Total hip arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty | Withings physical activity monitor (Withings, France) | Wrist | Step count | Two weeks postoperatively six weeks postoperatively | Study duration (8 weeks) |
[17] | Lumbar spinal stenosis N = 13 | Lumbar decompression | MiBand2 (Xiaomi, China) or the patient’s own device, according to personal preference | Wrist | Step count | Preoperatively Postoperatively (mean time between timepoints = 92 days) | Throughout duration of study period (3 months) |
[21] | Low back pain, radiculopathy or neurogenic claudication N = 30 | Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (n = 7), laminectomy (n = 13), posterior lumbar interbody fusion (n = 2), or discectomy (n = 6) | Fitbit zip accelerometer (Fitbit Inc., San Francisco, California, United States) | Wrist | Step count, Distance travelled, Calorie expenditure | Preoperatively, One month postoperatively, Two months postoperatively, Three months postoperatively | Throughout duration of study period (3 months) |
[30] | Osteoarthritis N = 25 | Primary total knee arthroplasty | iPhone | Step count | Preoperatively to 3 months postoperatively | Worn throughout the duration of the study period. (3 months) | |
[20] | Adult spinal deformity or degenerative spinal disease N = 32 | Lumbar surgery | Fitbit Flex (Fitbit Inc., San Francisco, California, United States) | Wrist | Step count, Maximum hourly steps, Time spent sedentary, Time spent lightly active, Time spent fairly active, Time spent very active | One month preoperatively to at least six months postoperatively | Worn throughout the duration of the study period, except for the first postoperative month (6 months) |
[16] | Acute anterior cruciate ligament tear N = 60 | Dynamic intraligamentary stabilization or anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction | StepWatch Activity Monitor (Modus Health, Washington DC, USA) | Unspecified | Step count | First six weeks postoperatively | Throughout Duration of First six postoperative weeks |
[18] | Lumbar spinal stenosis N = 38 | Surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis | ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer (ActiGraph, LLC; Ft. Walton Beach, FL) | Hip | Moderate-vigorous activity minutes, Sedentary range activity, Light range activity, Moderate range activity, Vigorous range activity | One week preoperatively, Six months postoperatively | 7 days |
[23] | Disorders of the cervical or lumbar spine N = 30 | Lumbar discectomy, lumbar decompression, lumbar fusion, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, and, posterior cervical decompression and fusion | Mi Band (Xiaomi, Mountain View, CA (USA) | Wrist | Step count | preoperatively, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 26, and 52 weeks postoperatively | 7 days |
[31] | Knee osteoarthritis N = 92 | Total knee arthroplasty | ES-500 Pedometer (YAMASA, Japan) | Unspecified | Step count | Preoperatively until 6 months postoperatively | Throughout the duration of this time period, (6 months) |
[40] | Hip osteoarthritis, or avascular necrosis of the femoral head, or inflammatory arthritis of the hip N = 51 | Primary total hip arthroplasty | GeneActiv (Cambridge, United Kingdom) | Wrist (non-dominant) | Number of sedentary bouts per day, Mean sedentary bout length, Dispersion of sedentary bouts throughout the day, Time spent in light physical activity, Time spent in moderate physical activity, Time spent in vigorous physical activity | Preoperatively, 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months postoperatively | 7 days, 24 h per day |
[41] | End-stage hip osteoarthritis N = 60 | Total hip arthroplasty | Activity Monitor, consisting of four ADXL202 devices (Analog Devices, Breda, The Netherlands, adapted by Temec Instruments, Kerkrade, The Netherlands) | Thigh (both sides), trunk, and lower arm (both sides) | TIme spent walking, Number of walking periods, Duration of walking periods, Body motility during walking, stride frequency, tTme spent sitting, Duration of sitting periods, Number of chair risings, Duration of chair rising movement | preoperatively 6 months postoperatively | Unspecified |