Fig. 1

A female patient (25 years old) with bone nonunion in the right femur was treated with one-stage autologous bone grafting and had an open fracture before; no bacteria were detected after surgery. A Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs showed a clear fracture line and less callus formation at the fracture site after 12 months of initial osteosynthesis; B–E radiographs at 2, 6, 12, and 18 months after one-stage autologous bone grafting treatment. Bone union was achieved at 12 months, and complete bone consolidation was achieved at 18 months