Table 3 Factors associated with osteoporosis

Age (years)

 50–59^a

Reference

 60–69

1.43

(0.30, 6.74)

0.652

 70–79

1.14

(0.26, 5.09)

0.861

  ≥ 80

5.71

(0.52, 62.66)

0.154

BMI (kg/m²)

0.77

(0.64, 0.91)

0.003*

 Underweight (BMI < 18.5)

8.84

(1.06, 74.03)

0.044*

 Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9^a)

Reference

 Overweight (BMI ≥ 25)

0.62

(0.16, 2.44)

0.498

Tobacco use (Pack-years)

1.01

(0.99, 1.03)

0.359

Charlson comorbidity index

1.18

(0.73, 1.91)

0.507

Inhaled corticosteroid uses in the past year

0.83

(0.08, 8.55)

0.878

Oral corticosteroid uses in the past year

1.19

(0.38, 3.69)

0.766

GOLD grade

 Grade I^a

Reference

 Grade II

1.20

(0.28, 5.07)

0.804

 Grade III

1.37

(0.27, 6.87)

0.701

 Grade IV

1.00

(0, 1.00)

0.999

COPD Assessment Test (CAT™) score

1.02

(0.96, 1.09)

0.469

Numbers of exacerbation in previous year

1.00

(0.86, 1.17)

0.952

FFMI (kg/m²)

0.63

(0.44, 0.89)

0.009*

 < 17

4.91

(1.26, 19.06)

0.022*

 ≥ 17^a

Reference