Table 3 GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) criteria for assessing quality of evidence
Outcome | Number of studies | Number of participants | Risk of bias | Imprecision | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Publication bias | Relative effect (95% confidence interval) | Confidence in effect estimate (Grade) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pain | 3 | 375 | Serious | Not serious | Moderate | Not serious | Not serious | − 0.63 (95% CI − 0.86, − 0.39) | Moderate |
Adverse effect | 4 | 507 | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | 1.66 (95% CI 0.99, 2.78) | Very low |