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Fig. 1 | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

Fig. 1

From: Causal effect of body mass index and physical activity on the risk of joint sports injuries: Mendelian randomization analysis in the European population

Fig. 1

Three basic presumptions of the MR study. A The IVs must be correlated with the exposures (BMI or PA). B IVs must be entirely unconnected with confounders, and C IVs should not be directly linked to the outcomes (joint sports injuries). MR Mendelian randomization, IVs instrumental variables, BMI body mass index, PA physical activity

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Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

ISSN: 1749-799X