Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies (N = 26)
Serial no | References | Country | Prospective/retrospective | Total sample | Contrast agent used for PET/CT | Gold standard for diagnosis | Mean age (in years) | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Aksoy et al. [24] | Turkey | Prospective | 16 | FDG | Postoperative histopathological/microbiological/clinical work-up | 61 | Low risk |
2 | Aleksyniene et al. [31] | Denmark | Prospective | 25 | FDG | Intraoperative findings and microbiological culture results and the clinical follow-up | Not reported | Low risk |
3 | Basu et al. [8] | USA | Prospective | 134 | FDG | Microbiological confirmation using cultures/purulent fluid and presence of neutrophilic infiltrate | 57 | Low risk |
4 | Chacko et al. [29] | USA | Prospective | 41 | FDG | Microbiology, histopathology, surgical and clinical follow-up | 61.9 | Low risk |
5 | Chen et al. [16] | Taiwan | Prospective | 24 | FDG | Intraoperative tissue cultures, intraoperative pathology, and clinical follow-up | Not reported | Low risk |
6 | Chryssikos et al. [24] | USA | Prospective | 127 | FDG | Preoperative examinations, intraoperative histopathology and clinical findings | 59 | Low risk |
7 | Garcia-Barrecheguren et al. [10] | Spain | Prospective | 24 | FDG | Intraoperative results, histopathological and microbiological examinations | 67.8 | Low risk |
8 | Kiran et al. [20] | United Kingdom | Prospective | 130 | FDG | Histopathology and microbiological examinations | 67.5 | Low risk |
9 | Kobayashi et al. [35] | Japan | Prospective | 65 | Fluoride | Tissue examinations of surgically treated cases, serological and radiographic findings in conservatively treated cases | Not reported | Low risk |
10 | Kumar et al. [14] | India | Prospective | 45 | Fluoride | Intraoperative results, histopathological and microbiological examinations | 54 | Low risk |
11 | Kumar et al. [14] | India | Prospective | 42 | FDG | Intraoperative results, histopathological and microbiological examinations | 53 | Low risk |
12 | Kwee et al. [9] | Netherlands | Retrospective | 78 | FDG | Culture findings during the revision surgery | 66.5 | High risk |
13 | Love et al. [18] | USA | Retrospective | 59 | FDG | Intraoperative results, histopathological and microbiological examinations | Not reported | High risk |
14 | Manthey et al. [32] | Germany | Prospective | 23 | FDG | Culture findings following surgery | 70 | Low risk |
15 | Mayer-Wagner et al. [34] | Germany | Prospective | 49 | FDG | Culture findings following surgery | Not reported | Low risk |
16 | Mumme et al. [21] | Germany | Prospective | 70 | FDG | Intraoperative results, histopathological and microbiological examinations | 68.7 | Low risk |
17 | Pill et al. [15] | USA | Prospective | 92 | FDG | Clinical examination findings and preoperative, intraoperative findings | Not reported | Low risk |
18 | Reinartz et al. [28] | Germany | Prospective | 92 | Fluoride | Laboratory tests, radiological and clinical examination | 68 | Low risk |
19 | Stumpe et al. [23] | Switzerland | Prospective | 35 | FDG | Microbiological examination of the surgical specimens | 64 | Low risk |
20 | Teiler et al. [17] | Sweden | Prospective | 10 | FDG | Histopathological examinations | Not reported | Low risk |
21 | Tseng et al. [27] | Taiwan | Prospective | 19 | FDG | Intraoperative findings and microbiological analysis | 64 | Low risk |
22 | Vanquickenborne et al. [33] | Belgium | Prospective | 17 | FDG | Bacteriology of samples obtained by surgery or by needle aspiration and/or clinical findings | 62 | Low risk |
23 | Verberne et al. [28] | The Netherlands | Retrospective | 33 | FDG | Clinical examination findings and preoperative, intraoperative findings | 76.4 | High risk |
24 | Wang et al. [19] | China | Retrospective | 103 | Gallium | Preoperative and intraoperative serological results | 61 | High risk |
25 | Xu et al. [13] | China | Prospective | 39 | Gallium | Clinical, intraoperative results, histopathological and microbiological examinations | 61.9 | Low risk |
26 | Zhuang et al. [30] | USA | Prospective | 38 | FDG | Surgical exploration/clinical follow-up for one year | Not reported | High risk |