Table 2 Characteristics of included studies

1

David Cruz-Díaz et al. [12]

Spain

Suffering from LBP for at least 3 months

53 (NR)

69.57 (2.18)

Pilates + physical therapy: 60 min × twice/week × 6 weeks

48 (NR)

72.69 (3.53)

Physical therapy

②

2

Ge et al. [19]

China

Nonspecific LBP for at least 3 months in the last year

15 (0/15)

64.6 (3.71)

Core stability training: 25–30 min × 4 times/week × 4 weeks + physiotherapy: 40 min × 4 times/week × 4 weeks

16 (0/16)

64.12 (2.96)

Physiotherapy

%1 ②

3

George et al. [20]

Greece

Lumbar spine for a period longer than 12 weeks

17 (8/9)

60–72

Treadmill training: unreported minutes × 7 times/week × 12 weeks

32 (8/24)

60–82

Written information and recommendations

②

4

Irandoust et al. [37]

Iran

With the history of back pain

18 (NR)

63.1 ± 2.4

Aquatic exercise: 60 min × 3 times/week × 16 weeks

18 (NR)

63.3 ± 1.4

ADL

③

5

Jackson et al. [38]

Canada

With chronic nonspecific LBP as diagnosed by a physician

15 (15/0)

63.0 (3.1)

Periodized resistance training: 60 min × 4 times/week × 12 weeks

15 (15/0)

57 (7.7)

ADL

①②④

6

Madadi-Shad et al. [53]

Iran

History of LBP greater than six months

18 (NR)

68.01 (2.42)

Resistance band exercise: 45–50 min × 3 times/week × 14 weeks

18 (NR)

68.9 (2.57)

ADL

①②

7

Park et al. [65]

Korea

This study specifically sought to recruit individuals with CLBP

40 (0/40)

71.5 (6.34)

Horseback riding simulator: 30 min × 3 times/week × 12 weeks

40 (0/40)

72.05 (6.82)

Watch the video

①②

8

Teut et al. [81]-A

Germany

Chronic LBP at least 6 months

61 (7/54)

73 (5.6)

Yoga: 45 min × 24 lessons × 12 weeks

57 (5/52)

72.6 (6)

No additional intervention

①④

9

Teut et al. [81]-B

Germany

Chronic LBP at least 6 months

58 (8/50)

72.4 (5.7)

Qigong: 90 min × 12 lessons × 12 weeks

57 (5/52)

72.6 (6)

No additional intervention

①④

10

Vincent et al. [83]-A

USA

Experience LBP for ≥ 6 months

17 (5/12)

68.6 (7.3)

Whole-body resistance training: unreported minutes × 3 times/week × 16 weeks

14 (5/9)

67.5 (6.4)

No exercise intervention

②

11

Vincent et al. [83]-B

USA

Experience LBP for ≥ 6 months

18 (6/12)

68.7 (7.1)

Lumbar extensor training: unreported minutes × 3 times/week × 16 weeks

14 (5/9)

67.5 (6.4)

No exercise intervention

②

12

Wang et al. [85]

China

Diagnose as CLBP by a physician

45 (NR)

66.55 (3.55)

Baduanjin: unreported minutes × 2–3 times/week × 12 weeks + magneto-caloric and interferential electrotherapy: 20 min × 3–4 times/week × 12 weeks

45

66.72 (3.21)

Magneto-caloric and interferential electrotherapy

①

13

Weiner et al. [86]

USA

Participants were community dwelling older adults with CLBP

45 (22/23)

73.9 (5.2)

Strength and flexibility and aerobic components: 60 min × twice/week × 6 weeks

44 (20/24)

73.3 (6.0)

Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

④

14

Yalfani et al. [88]

Iran

LBP experience over the last 6 months

13 (NR)

68 (2.94)

Virtual reality training: 30 min × 3 times/week × 8 weeks

12 (NR)

67.08 (2.9)

ADL

①④

15

Yan et al. [89]

China

Diagnose with NS-LBP for at least 3 months

10 (0/10)

68 (1.15)

24-Style Tai Chi:60 min × 3 times/week × 6 weeks

10 (0/10)

70 (1.26)

ADL

①

16

Young et al. [90]

Korea

Back pain for six months or longer

24 (NR)

Elderly

Swiss ball: 50 min × 3 times/week × 6 weeks

24 (NR)

elderly

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation integration pattern

%1 ③

17

Yu et al. [91]

Korea

LBP for at least 3 months

20 (0/20)

69.4 (4.1)

Waist and abdominal exercise: 40 min × 3 times/week × 8 weeks

20 (0/20)

70.4 (3.2)

Myofascial relaxation

18

Zou et al. [94]

China

Diagnosed as CLBP by a physician

9 (NR)

65.2 (3.5)

Aquatic exercise: 60 min × 2 times/week × 21 weeks

9 (NR)

64.3 (4.8)

ADL