Table 3 The efficacy-related and safety-related outcomes between the two groups (values are presented as number (%) or median (IQR))

Postoperative delirium

Overall accumulated incidence (%)

21 (26.3)

9 (11.3)

0.83 (0.71–0.97)

0.015

Overall MDAS

15.8 ± 2.9 (9–20)

13.2 ± 1.0 (11–15)

0.011

Safety-related outcomes

Pulmonary infections (%)

28 (35.0)

23 (28.7)

0.91 (0.74–1.13)

0.396

Wound infection (%)

1 (1.2)

1 (1.2)

1.00 (0.97–1.04)

1

Urinary infection (%)

4 (5.0)

3 (3.8)

0.99 (0.92–1.06)

1

Sepsis (%)

2 (2.5)

0 (0.0)

NA

0.477

Hyperglycemia (%)

13 (16.2)

21 (26.2)

1.14 (0.97–1.34)

0.176

Maximum glucose (mmol/L)

7.9 [6.5, 12.8]

9.5 [7.3, 12.4]

0.214