Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of the participants
|  | n = 48 |
|---|---|
Age, year | 69 (62.5–73) |
Sex (female) | 25 (52) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.7 (3.2) |
Comorbidity | |
 Diabetes mellitus | 8 (17) |
 Cardiovascular diseases | 4 (8.3) |
 Rheumatoid arthritis | 4 (8.3) |
 Steroid use | 4 (8.3) |
Indication for surgery | |
 Spinal canal stenosis | 20 (42) |
 Degenerative spondylolisthesis | 20 (42) |
 Spondylolysis | 3 (6.3) |
 Disc hernia | 5 (10) |
Level* | |
 L2/3 | 1 (2.1) |
 L3/4 | 14 (27) |
 L4/5 | 22 (43) |
 L5/S | 14 (27) |
Dual cage* | 17 (33) |