Fig. 4

Expression of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in the tissues surrounding bone cement. The staining images were observed under a light microscope at ×100 and ×400 magnification, and the brown-yellow color was the target protein. a, b were representative images of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in the two groups 7 days after operation. c, d, and e are quantitative analyses of IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, respectively (Mean ± SD. n = 6. *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; And ***P ≤ 0.001. Pictures taken 3 and 14 days after surgery are presented in Additional file 1)