Table 2 Descriptive characteristics of antibiotic cement spacers and systemic antibiotics in eight studies assessing rates of acute kidney injury in first-stage revision arthroplasty

Aeng [17]

Plain Palacos (n = 34) or premanufactured with gentamicin (n = 16)

Premanufactured with 0.5 g/40 g cement

Tobramycin 3.6 g/40 g, 92% also received vancomycin 1.5 g/40 g (median dose)

One or more of cephalosporins, vancomycin, or rifampin

Berliner [18]

Palacos or Simplex

Palacos (premixed with gentamycin), Simplex (premixed with tobramycin)

Vancomycin (n = 61): 7.8 g, Tobramycin (n = 65): 8.6 g, Gentamycin (n = 29): 2.3 g

Vancomycin (n = 57), Cefazolin (n = 30), Piperacillin/Tazobactam (n = 9), Ceftriaxone (n = 5), Daptomycin (n = 4), Cefuroxime (n = 4), Gentamycin (n = 3), Ceftazidime (n = 2), Imipenem (n = 2), Linezolid (n = 2), Oxacillin (n = 2), Tobramycin (n = 1), Clindamycin (n = 1), Nafcillin (n = 1), Penicillin (n = 1), Cefepime (n = 1)

Dagneaux [19]

Plain Simplex

Vancomycin + Gentamycin (n = 185), Vancomycin + Tobramycin (n = 61), Additional Amphotericin B (n = 10)

Vancomycin 3.2 g/40 g, Gentamycin 3.4 g/40 g, Amphotericin B 260 mg/40 g, Tobramycin 3.1 g/40 g

Vancomycin (n = 108), Cefazolin (n = 51), Ceftriaxone (n = 43), Cefepime (n = 12), Penicillin (n = 11), Ertapenem (n = 9), Ciprofloxacin (n = 8), Doxycycline (n = 8), Daptomycin (n = 6), Flagyl (n = 4), Cephalexin (n = 4), Piperacillin/tazobactam (n = 3), Fluconazole (n = 3), Gatifloxacin (n = 3), Levofloxacin (n = 3), Rifampin (n = 2), Moxifloxacin (n = 2), Gentamicin (n = 1), Meropenem (n = 1), Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n = 1), Amikacin (n = 1), 2 antibiotics (n = 32), 3 antibiotics (n = 4)

Dagneaux [20]

Plain Simplex

Vancomycin + Gentamycin (n = 325), Vancomycin + Tobramycin (n = 126), Vancomycin + Daptomycin (n = 4), Additional Amphotericin B (n = 86)

Vancomycin 3.1 g/40 g, Gentamycin 3.4 g/40 g, Amphotericin B 140 mg/40 g, Tobramycin 3.0 g/40 g, Daptomycin 3.0 g/40 g

Vancomycin (n = 184), Cefazolin (n = 104), Ceftriaxone (n = 61), Cefepime (n = 23), Daptomycin (n = 23), Ertapenem (n = 19), Penicillin (n = 13), Levofloxacin (n = 13), Fluconazole (n = 10), Doxycycline (n = 6), Rifampin (n = 5), Flagyl (n = 3), Piperacillin-tazobactam (n = 3), Gentamicin (n = 3), Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n = 2), Ciprofloxacin (n = 1), Cephalexin (n = 1) Moxifloxacin (n = 1), Ampicillin/sulbactam (n = 1), Antibiotic combination (n = 1), 2 antibiotics (n = 52), 3 antibiotics (n = 8)

Edelstein [21]

Palacos R Bone Cement, Palacos R + G Bone Cement or Cobalt HV Bone Cement

Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Gentamycin

Vancomycin 3.0 g/40 g, Tobramycin 2.4 g/40 g, Gentamycin 0.5 g/41.1 g

6 weeks culture specific treatment

Geller [22]

Low viscosity cement with tobramycin

Vancomycin + Tobramycin (n = 199), Vancomycin + Gentamycin (n = 32)

Vancomycin 2.65/PMMA bag, Tobramycin 2.6 g/PMMA bag, Gentamycin 1.3 g/PMMA bag (mean doses), Amphotericin B 1 g, Daptomycin 2 g, Cefazolin 10 g, Cefazolin 4 g, Cefazolin 1 g, Ceftazidime 4 g

Vancomycin (n = 111), Daptomycin (n = 52), Cefazolin (n = 45), Zosyn (n = 21), Ceftriaxone (n = 18), Ciprofloxacin (n = 17), Penicillin group antibiotics (n = 15), Linezolid (n = 8), Gentamicin (n = 7), Levofloxacin (n = 7), Micafungin (n = 4), Tigecycline (n = 4), Metronidazole (n = 3), Fluconazole (n = 2), Rifampin (n = 2), Meropenem (n = 2), Cefepime (n = 2), Furosemide (n = 2), Ticarcillin (n = 1), Ceftazidime (n = 1), Aztreonam (n = 1), Moxifloxacin (n = 1), Unknown (n = 12)

Menge [23]

Palacos (n = 23), Cobalt (n = 17) or Simplex P (n = 44)

Vancomycin (n = 69), Tobramycin (n = 79), Cefotaxime (n = 4), Amikacin (n = 1), Amphotericin B (n = 1)

Vancomycin 4.0 g, Tobramycin 4.8 g, Cefotaxime 7 g, Amikacin 12.5 g, Amphotericin B 0.06 g (median dose)

Aminoglycosides (n = 3), Vancomycin (n = 52)

Theil [24]

Copal or Palacos

Gentamycin + Clindamycin (Sensitive bacteria), Vancomycin (Culture negative or Resistant bacteria), Meropenem (Gram negative bacteria), Voriconazole or Amphotericin (Fungal infections)

Gentamycin 2 g/40 g, Clindamycin 1 g/40 g, Vancomycin 2 g/40 g, Meropenem 4 g/40 g, Voriconazole 600 mg/40 g, Amphotericin 200 mg/40 g

Aminopenicillins (n = 105), Cephalosporins (n = 42), Daptomycin (n = 19), Clindamycin (n = 56), Antifungal (Caspofungin, voriconazole, fluconazole, micafungin) (n = 12), Flucloxacillin (n = 67), Vancomycin (n = 126), Meropenem (n = 18), Linezolid (n = 76), Fluoroquinolones (n = 30)