Fig. 2
From: Increased lower limb length ratio in patients with patellar instability
Measurement of coronal alignment. a HKA angle was defined as the angle between the line from the center of hip joint to the center of knee joint and the line from the center of knee joint to the center of ankle joint. b NSA measurement was generated by the intersection angle between the femoral neck and proximal femoral shaft axes. c The angulation between the femoral mechanical axis and the distal femoral anatomical axis was defined as VCA. HKA hip–knee–ankle angle, NSA femoral neck–shaft angle, VCA femoral valgus cut angle