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Table 1 Formulas and values involved in plotting the learning curve cumulative summation test

From: Learning curve for biportal endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy determined using the cumulative summation test

Variable

Value

ρ0, unacceptable failure rate

0.4

ρ1, acceptable failure rate

0.2

α, probability of the type I error

0.05

β, probability of the type II error

0.2

P = ln(ρ1/ ρ0)

−0.6932

Q = ln[(1 – ρ0)/(1 – ρ1)]

−0.2877

S = Q/(P + Q)

0.2933

1-S

0.7067

a = ln[(1 – β)/α]

2.77

h = a/(P + Q), decision limit

−2.83

  1. Descriptive statistics were presented as absolute frequencies for categorical variables and mean with standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. Dichotomous values were compared using the Chi-squared test, whereas continuous variables were compared between groups using Student’s t test. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. IBM SPSS version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, US) was used for data analysis