Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in this systematic review

Al-Hourani [5]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients < 65 years of age. Exclusion criteria: patients undergoing bilateral TJA or revision procedures

91

42, 49

59

1 year

Anderson [6]

Retrospective cohort

Exclusion criteria: patients with any additional injuries, a hip fracture other than a subcapital or transcervical FNF, a non-displaced FNF, age less than 45 or greater than 65 were excluded

23

9, 14

58.5

2 years

Atkinson [7]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: Patients with bilateral hip osteoarthritis

39

24, 15

62.87

34 months

Baldursson [8]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients with ankylosing spondylitis

10

8, 2

32

3.8 years

Batra [9]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: driving patients, who didn't undergo for femur fractures and revision THAs

198

69, 129

69

8 weeks

Berger [10]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients between 40 and 75 years of age having primary THA who did not have a history of previous hip surgery. Exclusion criteria: Patients with a history (within 1 year) of myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, or anticoagulation therapy were excluded. In addition, patients with considerable obesity (body mass index more than 35) or with three or more important medical comorbidities, that were not controlled

100

74, 26

56

3 months

Boersma [11]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients between 18–63 years of age, had a paid job, were scheduled to undergo THA or TKA as a result of primary osteoarthritis

97

41, 56

56

12 months

Bohm [2]

Retrospective Cohort

Inclusion criteria: working aged patients

60

22, 24(missing)

51.35

1 year

Clyde [12]

Prospective Cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients 18 and older receiving Workers' Compensation at the time of their THA

43

31, 12

5.2 years

Danielsson [13]

Retrospective Cohort

30

10, 20

59

3–4 years

Drobniewski [14]

Retrospective Cohort

Inclusion criteria: women under the age of 59 years and men under the age of 64 years who underwent surgery due to advanced hip osteoarthritis

114

66, 48

51.23

12 months

Drobniewski [15]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: Patients aged ≤ 30 years

87

34, 53

25.7

20.1 years

Goeb [16]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: Patients aged 35–70 years. Exclusion criteria: patients with inflammatory arthritis, osteoarthritis with multiple joint involvement such that other joints limit functional status and mobility, abnormal renal function, hypercoagulable state, body mass index > 40, previous ipsilateral femoral neck fracture, chronic opioid use, dementia, Alzheimer’s, neuromuscular conditions limiting ambulation, and patients who underwent contralateral THA in the prior 6 months

72

42, 30

60.4

6 weeks

Hauer [17]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients below the retirement age (male < 65, female < 62) at the time of their THA, had a diagnosis of non-inflammatory arthritis (osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, developmental dysplasia) and were at least 6 months post-surgery were included. Exclusion criteria: individuals who were fewer than 6 months post-surgery, had a one-stage bilateral THA or hip replacement due to a femoral neck fracture or a tumor

273

145, 128

53.9

30.9 months

He [18]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients with ankylosing spondylitis aged between 18 to 65 years old Exclusion criteria: patients with a history of revision arthroplasty, other lower limb or spine surgery; patients with medical comorbidities, including severe lung, heart, or other diseases which could affect the work ability;

128

107, 21

40

12 months

Jensen [19]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients with hip disease

387

139, 248

67

5 years

Johnsson [20]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients who were below the age of 60 at surgery with primary arthrosis

118

76, 42

54

2 years

Kamp [21]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients who underwent THA for primary OSTEOARTHRITIS. preoperatively employed and aged 18–63 were included

100

46, 54

56

12 months

Kleim [51]

Cross-sectional

Inclusion criteria: Those who were 6 months to 3 years after surgery had a diagnosis of OA and were under the age of sixty at the time of their primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) were included. Only patients five or more years below the retirement age (65) were recruited

52

23, 29

52

22 months

Laasik [22]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients employed for a minimum of 6 months in the participating organizations

408

110, 298

54.3

1 year

Latijnhouwers [23]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: Data from patients that were scheduled for primary THA because of osteoarthritis

876

335, 541

68

12 months

Leichtenberg [24]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients with osteoarthritis. exclusion criteria: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, a tumor, (hemi)paresis or amputation of the (lower) leg, and patients undergoing a hemiarthroplasty or revision THA or TKA

67

34, 33

56

12 months

Mangin [52]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients aged < 65 years at the time of surgery. primary THA performed for orthopedic reasons (excluding trauma) and being in work during 2 years prior to surgery

72

1036 days

Mcgonagle [25]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients aged ≤ 65 years at the time of surgery; and engaged in paid work in the 3 months prior to surgery. Exclusion criteria: revision hip/knee arthroplasty and bilateral concurrent hip/knee arthroplasty

58

6–12 months

Mikkelsen [26]

Prospective Non-randomized controlled trial

Inclusion criteria: patients with osteoarthritis undergoing primary THA

365

191, 174

68.7

6 weeks

Mobasheri [27]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients under the age of 60 years

86

56, 30

51.4

3 years

Nevitt [28]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: persons who were 60 years old or less who had a primary diagnosis of degenerative, congenital, or posttraumatic disease. Exclusion criteria: those who had severe, disabling articular problems other than in the hips prior to surgery and those with coexisting medical conditions prior to THA that might contribute to disability, such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and renal failure

178

78, 100

49.7

8–12 months

Oken [29]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients with secondary osteoarthritis due to DDH aged < 60 years

51

7, 44

46.2

1 year

Pachore [30]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients with alkaptonuric hip arthritis

10

6, 4

62.8

16.7 years

Pagnano [31]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients with osteoarthritis (OA)

26

10, 16

69

6 months

Peak [32]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients without a history of surgery on the ipsilateral hip, hyper flexibility syndromes, and neuromuscular compromise

265

139, 126

58.3

6 months

Poehling- Monaghan [33]

Prospective cohort

Exclusion criteria: patients with a previous procedure on or around the operative femur or acetabulum, including prior arthroplasty, trauma, or corrective procedures

222

111, 111

64

2 months

Poehling-Monaghan [34]

Prospective cohort

Exclusion criteria: Patients if they had a prior procedure on the operative femur or acetabulum, prior trauma or infection to the area, inflammatory arthropathy, surgical intervention within the past 6 weeks

100

48, 52

63

8 weeks

Pons [35]

Retrospective cohort

Exclusion criteria: Patients with anatomic deformities in the femoral head and neck such as developmental dysplasia of the hip, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, post-septic and traumatic arthritis

128

90, 38

57.1

38.3 months

Pop [36]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients who were under 65

32

18, 14

58

10 years

Rondon [37]

Prospective

cohort

Exclusion criteria: Patients who underwent primary THA for hip fracture, revision TKA, or revision THA and those who were not employed or were retired before surgery

243

57.8

12 weeks

Saad [38]

Prospective cohort

Exclusion criteria: patients with severe protrusio or acetabular dysplasia and patients weighing more than 120 kg or body mass index (BMI) > 40

30

15, 15

59

6 to 8 months

Salar [39]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients with acetabulum fracture

17

14, 3

52

48.2 months

Sankar [40]

Prospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients between 18 and 85 years of age with osteoarthritis. Exclusion criteria: revision or hemi-arthroplasty, and TJR for trauma or malignancy

190

100, 90

56.1

12 months

Stigmar [41]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients with hip osteoarthritis resident in the Skåne region 1 year before surgery, and that they were 40–59 years old at the time of surgery. Exclusion criteria: Subjects who died or received disability pension/sickness compensation

1307

712, 595

53

2 years

Suarez [42]

Retrospective cohort

Exclusion criteria: patients under the age of 18 and over 64, housewives, students, and persons unemployed prior to treatment were excluded

747

598, 149

46.8

8 years

Takeuchi [43]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients younger than 60 years of age. patients with primary THA due to osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, or rheumatoid arthritis, which were treated with cementless implants. Exclusion criteria: patients with a history of postoperative complications (deep infection, fracture, dislocation, or revision for any reason), patients with extensive medical comorbidities that would limit their activity level, and patients who had had an osteotomy in the past

204

36, 168

53.8

59.5 months

Tanavalee [44]

Prospective cohort

70

28, 42

53.95

20.2 months

Tilbury [45]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients with osteoarthritis, aged between 18 and 65 years, able to read and understand Dutch and being mentally and physically able to complete questionnaires. Exclusion criteria: patients with revision of a THA or TKA, undergoing a hemi arthroplasty and undergoing a THA or TKA because of tumor or rheumatoid arthritis

122

52, 70

57.7

1 year

Trusz czyń ska [46]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients who are younger than 65. Exclusion criteria: patient not employed before THA (retired or on disability pension), other disorders preventing return to work, history of other surgeries, serious internal diseases, oncological diseases, infectious diseases of the musculoskeletal system

54

29, 25

55.89

23.52 months

Visuri [47]

Retrospective cohort

539

166, 373

63.87

4.2 years

White [48]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: patients under 45 years of age

33

12, 21

38

7.5 years

Zaballa [49]

Retrospective cohort

Inclusion criteria: People underwent elective unilateral THA aged between 18 and 64 years and a minimum of 5 years had elapsed since their primary THA

411

206, 205

56

7.5 years