Table 1 Material properties and element types

Cortical bone

Quadratic tetrahedral solid (C3D10M)

Elastic

E = 17,000 MPa

υ = 0.3

–

Cancellous bone

Quadratic tetrahedral solid (C3D10M)

Elastic

E = 400 MPa

υ = 0.3

–

Cartilage

Quadratic tetrahedral solid (C3D10M)

Elastic

E = 10 MPa

υ = 0.45

–

Intra osseous ligament

Linear hexahedral solid (C3D8R)

Elastic

E = 20 MPa

υ = 0.45

Between the distal tibia and fibula

Anterior talofibular ligament

Spring

Elastic

Stiffness = 14.2 N/mm

Fibular obscure tubercle—Talar obscure tubercle

Posterior talofibular ligament

Spring

Elastic

Stiffness = 16 N/mm

Posterior margin of the lateral malleolus—Lateral process of the talus

Anterior tibiotalar Ligament

Spring

Elastic

Stiffness = 115 N/mm

Anterior margin of the medial malleolus—Anterior border of medial malleolus articular surface of talus

Posterior tibiotalar Ligament

Spring

Elastic

Stiffness = 115 N/mm

Distal center of the intercollicular groove of the medial malleolus—Posterosuperior margin of the medial talar body

Anterior tibiofibular ligament

Spring

Elastic

Stiffness = 78 N/mm

Distal tibia—Anterior margin of the distal fibula

Posterior tibiofibular ligament

Spring

Elastic

Stiffness = 101 N/mm

Lateral malleolus—Posterolateral tibia tubercle