Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Rompe et al. (2009)

Germany

RCT

229 (67/162)

50 (not reported)/

(46 (not reported)/ 47 (not reported))

11 m/

(14 m/15 m)

75/ (76/78)

0.5% Mepivacainmixed with 1 mL of Prednisolone 25 mg

home training/ ESWT

6-point Likert scale, NRS

15 m

Nissen et al. (2018)

Switzerland

RCT

46 (7/39)

56.6 (14.6)/

59.6 (13.1)

 ≥ 1 m

21/25

4 ml of 1% lidocaine and 1 ml of betamethasone

placebo: 5 ml of sterile saline solution

NRS, 5-point Likert scale, WOMAC, SF-12, Oswestry low back pain questionnaire

6 m

Brinks et al. (2011),

Netherlands

RCT

120 (28/92)

57.7 (13.9)/

54.8 (14.7)

 ≥ 1w

60/60

40 mg of triamcinolone acetate combined with 1% or 2% lidocaine

usual care: analgesics

7-point Likert scale, NRS, EQ-5D, WOMAC

12 m

Brennan et al. ( 2017),

USA

RCT

43 (6/37)

70.1 (11.4)/

61.3 (16.5)

not reported

22 (25 hips)/

21 (25 hips)

2 ml methylprednisolone acetate 40 mg/ml; 4 ml 1% lidocaine; 4 ml 0.25% marcaine (10 ml total)

dry needling

NRS, PSFS

6w

Ribeiro et al., (2016),

Brazil

RCT

18 (8/10)

49.6 (11.66)/

50 (17.8)

 ≥ 3 m

9 (10 hips)/

9 (10 hips)

4 ml solution of 80 mg of triamcinolone hexacetonide

PRP

FEPS, HHS, WOMAC

60d

Begkas et al. (2020),

GRC

RCT

24 (6/18)

not reported

 ≥ 12w

12/12

4 ml of methylprednisolone

(40 mg/ml)

PRP

VAS, HHS

24w

Fitzpatrick et al. (2018),

Australia

RCT

80 (8/72)

59.7(not reported)/

60.3(not reported)

 ≥ 4 m

40/40

Celestone Chronodose with saline

PRP

mHHS, PASS

12w

Mellor et al. (2018),

Australia

RCT

204 (37/167)

55.3 (9.4)/

(54.8 (8.1)/54.5 (9.1))

18 m/

(24 m/24 m)

66/ (69/69)

1 ml betamethasone (5.7 mg/ml) or 1 ml triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg/ml) combined with 2 ml bupivacaine or 1 ml Marcaine

education plus exercise/ wait and see

NRS, VISA-G, PSFS, EQ-5D, PSEQ, PCS, PHQ-9, LHPQ, the Active Australia survey

52w