Positive association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and bone mineral density in U.S. adults: the NHANES 2011–2018

Table 3 Threshold effect analysis of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol on lumbar bone mineral density in men using the two-piecewise linear regression model

Lumbar bone mineral density	Adjusted β (95% CI) P value
Men
Fitting by the standard linear model	0.0160 (0.0038, 0.0282)
Fitting by the two-piecewise linear model	0.0102
Inflection point	0.98
Direct HDL cholesterol < 0.98(mmol/L)	− 0.1302 (− 0.1875, − 0.0729)
Direct HDL cholesterol < 0.98(mmol/L)	< 0.0001
Direct HDL cholesterol > 0.98(mmol/L)	0.0341 (0.0201, 0.0481)
Direct HDL cholesterol > 0.98(mmol/L)	< 0.0001
Log likelihood ratio	< 0.001

Age, gender, race, educational level, BMI, family income-to-poverty ratio, moderate activities, smoking status, diabetes status, hypertension status, ALT, AST, total calcium, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, and serum phosphorus were adjusted

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