Positive association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and bone mineral density in U.S. adults: the NHANES 2011–2018

Table 2 The association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lumbar bone mineral density (g/cm²)

	Model 1 β (95% CI)	Model 2 β (95% CI)	Model 3 β (95% CI)
	P value	P value	P value
Direct HDL cholesterol	0.0186 (0.0117, 0.0256)	0.0120 (0.0048, 0.0193)	0.0163 (0.0084, 0.0241)
Direct HDL cholesterol	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Quintiles of direct HDL cholesterol
Q1	Reference	Reference	Reference
Q2	− 0.0002 (− 0.0083, 0.0079)	− 0.0030 (− 0.0110, 0.0050)	− 0.0036 (− 0.0115, 0.0043)
Q2	0.962218	0.465896	0.374683
Q3	0.0081 (− 0.0002, 0.0164)	0.0024 (− 0.0059, 0.0108)	0.0020 (− 0.0065, 0.0105)
Q3	0.057271	0.565636	0.642171
Q4	0.0190 (0.0109, 0.0270)	0.0109 (0.0026, 0.0192)	0.0127 (0.0038, 0.0216)
Q4	< 0.001	0.010000	0.005304
P for trend	< 0.001	0.003	0.002
Stratified by gender
Men	0.0199 (0.0083, 0.0314)	0.0089 (− 0.0024, 0.0203)	0.0160 (0.0038, 0.0282)
Men	< 0.001	0.123648	0.010154
Women	0.0145 (0.0052, 0.0239)	0.0150 (0.0058, 0.0242)	0.0150 (0.0048, 0.0252)
Women	0.002380	0.001423	0.003963
Stratified by race
Non-Hispanic White	0.0113 (− 0.0000, 0.0225)	0.0070 (− 0.0050, 0.0189)	0.0119 (− 0.0013, 0.0250)
Non-Hispanic White	0.050233	0.253509	0.076544
Non-Hispanic Black	0.0074 (− 0.0092, 0.0240)	0.0189 (0.0020, 0.0357)	0.0322 (0.0140, 0.0504)
Non-Hispanic Black	0.380599	0.028059	< 0.001
Mexican American	0.0077 (− 0.0110, 0.0263)	0.0041 (− 0.0152, 0.0233)	− 0.0040 (− 0.0250, 0.0170)
Mexican American	0.419084	0.679443	0.708012
Other race	0.0212 (0.0078, 0.0345)	0.0263 (0.0120, 0.0406)	0.0286 (0.0132, 0.0440)
Other race	0.001878	< 0.001	< 0.001

Model 1: no covariates were adjusted. Model 2: age, gender, and race were adjusted. Model 3: age, gender, race, educational level, BMI, family income-to-poverty ratio, moderate activities, smoking status, diabetes status, hypertension status, ALT, AST, total calcium, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, and serum phosphorus were adjusted
In the subgroup analysis stratified by gender and race, the model is not adjusted for sex and race, respectively

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