Fig. 1

EP, FPS-ZM1, and SP600125 affect the expression of HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines in serum. Relative levels of HMGB1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were analyzed using ELISA kits. The HMGB1 and all inflammatory cytokines were lower in the later three pretreatment groups. Results were expressed as means ± SDs. The number of rats were 13, 12, 14, 13, and 14 in CS, CS + vehicle, CS + EP, CS + FPS-ZM1, and CS + SP600125 groups, respectively. Statistical significance: ns P ≥ 0.05, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, versus CS group