Factors influencing early and long-term survival following hip fracture among nonagenarians

Table 1 Demographic data for nonagenarian patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture

Category and variables	Survived (n = 439)	Deceased (n = 98)	p value	Effect size	Correlation coefficient (p value)
Demographics
Sex (Male)⁺	110 (25.1)	36 (36.7)	0.019*	0.10	0.101 (0.019)*
Age (years)^‡	92.97 ± 2.70	93.26 ± 2.61	0.339	0.11	0.056 (0.197)
Frailty⁺	327 (74.7)	83 (84.7)	0.034*	0.09	0.091 (0.034)*
Weight (kg)^‡	59.23 ± 11.93	61.68 ± 12.39	0.068	0.20	0.071 (0.101)
ASA classification^§
II	40 (9.1)	5 (5.1)	0.010*	–	0.135 (0.002)*
III	248 (56.5)	43 (43.9)
IV	150 (34.2)	49 (50.0)
V	1 (0.2)	1 (1.0)
Diabetes mellitus⁺	73 (16.6)	19 (19.4)	0.512	0.03	0.028 (0.513)
Chronic kidney disease⁺	111 (25.3)	30 (30.6)	0.279	0.05	0.047 (0.279)
Congestive heart failure⁺	97 (22.1)	40 (40.8)	< 0.001*	0.17	0.166 (< 0.001)*
Chronic obstructive airways disease⁺	44 (10)	15 (15.3)	0.130	0.07	0.065 (0.131)
Cerebrovascular accident/transient ischaemic attack⁺	84 (19.1)	13 (13.3)	0.172	0.06	–0.059 (0.173)
Dementia⁺	166 (37.8)	39 (39.8)	0.715	0.02	0.016 (0.716)
Charlson comorbidity index	6 (5–7) [4:14]	6 (5–8) [4:15]	0.297	–0.05	0.045 (0.297)

Values are expressed as mean ± SD, median (IQR) [Max/Min], or number (%)
Effect size: Cohen’s d for t test, common effect size r for Mann–Whitney test, Cramér’s V for the Chi-squared test. Correlation coefficient: Spearman’s rho and corresponding p value. Time to surgery: time from admission to surgery start. Opioid doses are presented as a total amount of all kinds of opioids used as a morphine-equipotent dose
ASA classification American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status classification, CCI Charlson’s comorbidity index
*Two-sided p value < 0.050
⁺Chi-squared test
^‡T test
^§Fisher’s exact test
^¶Mann–Whitney test

ISSN: 1749-799X