Table 2 Quality assessment of included studies using ROBINS-1 tool
Study | Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants into study | Bias in classification of interventions | Bias due to deviations from intended interventions | Bias due to missing data | Bias in measurement of outcomes | Bias in selection of the reported result | Overall risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bagla et al. [17] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
Sayed et al. [18] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
Prezzano et al. [19] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Serious |
Tomasian et al. [20] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Serious |
Zhao et al. [21] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Serious |
Cazzato et al. [22] | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Serious |
Greenwood et al. [23] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Serious |
Anchala et al. [24] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
Gervagez et al. [25] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Serious | Low | Serious |
Wallace et al. [26] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Serious |
Zheng et al. [27] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Serious |
Proschek et al. [28] | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Serious |
Dabravolski et al. [29] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Serious |
Georgy et al. [30] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Serious |
Nakatsuka et al. [31] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Serious |