Table 3 Treatment characteristics in each study
Author and year | Year | Preoperative Prophylaxis | Intraoperative Intervention Treatment | Intraoperative Control Treatment | Postoperative Prophylaxis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calkins et al | 2020 | NR | 500 ml dilute betadine solution for 3min with of the consisted of 17.5ml PI and 500ml NaCl after implantation, followed by 1L NaCl. Also, the wound edges were painted with 10% PI with a sponge stick | 1-L pulsatile lavage of normal saline irrigation | NR |
Driesman et al | 2020 | Ancef or vancomycin (depending on MRSA risk) | 500 ml of the dilute betadine solution made of 17.5ml PI and 500ml NaCl for 3min after implantation | agents chlorhexidine irrigation | in-wound antibiotics in the form of 2 g of vancomycin powder |
Hernandez et al | 2019 | Cefazolin (vancomycin or clindamycin if allergic). | dilute PI solution for 3 minutes | NR | Cefazolin (vancomycin or clindamycin if allergic) for 24 hours |
Slullitel et al | 2020 | cefazolin or vancomycin if allergic | one surgeon used a 115ml nonsterile bottle of 10% PI diluted in 500ml of sterile saline (0.45%) for 3 minutes. 9 surgeons used a 22.5-mL sterile solution pouch of 10% PI diluted in 250-500 mL of saline (0.2%-0.35%) for 1-3 minutes. | 500ml of sterile saline solution before wound closure | cefazolin or vancomycin if allergic for 24 hours |
Hart et al | 2019 | NR | 1L of sterile 0.25% PI 3 minutes followed by irrigation with normal saline solution prior to closure. | NR | IV for 24 hours |
Fleischman et al | 2018 | NR | Intraoperative dilute betadine irrigation | NR | systemic antibiotic prophylaxis |
Frisch et al | 2017 | vancomycin and cefazolin (gentamicin if allergic) | intraoperative irrigation with 0.9% saline followed by a 2-minute soak with <2% dilute PI which was washed out entirely before closure | intraoperative irrigation with 0.9% saline and periodic 0.05% CHG solution followed by a final 1-minute soak in CHG with immediate closure afterward | cefazolin was given for 2 doses to be discontinued within 24 hours |
Brown et al | 2012 | cefazolin within 1 hour. | 500mL 0.35% PI solution for 3min after implantation, followed by 1L 0.9% NaCl pulsatile lavage with PI painting | 1L isotonic sodium chloride solution irrigation | Cefazolin (vancomycin or clindamycin if allergic) for 24 hours |