Fig. 3

The finite element model of CVO. a The femur was mapped with isotropic heterogeneous material properties based on grayscale values from the QCT data. b Lateral center-edge angle = 33° to represent the normal weight-bearing portion and lateral center-edge angle = 18° to represent the insufficient weight-bearing portion. c Ground reaction force was imposed at the distal end of the femur (red arrow); several muscles (blue dotted lines) and the ligaments (purple lines) around the hip joint were attached; the interfaces of the CVO were bounded without fixation