Fig. 2

Proximal junctional kyphosis. Posteroanterior and lateral spine radiographs of a three-year-old boy with idiopathic early-onset scoliosis (a-b) who underwent dual growing rod instrumentation with all-pedicle screws (c-d). Three-year follow-up radiographs (e-f) reveal a proximal junctional angle of  18°, consistent with a diagnosis of proximal junctional kyphosis. The patient was asymptomatic and did not undergo revision