Table 1 Summary statistics: demographics and trauma/injuries
Variable | Levels | No return visit (72 h) | Had a return visit (72 h) | p value (chi-squared or t test) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or mean (sd) | n (%) or mean (sd) | |||
Age, years | 18–49 | 985,654 (64.96) | 35,628 (61.55) | < 0.001 |
50–69 | 359,481 (23.69) | 14,395 (24.87) | ||
70 or older | 172,214 (11.35) | 7861 (13.58) | ||
Race and/or ethnicity | Caucasian | 1,037,221 (68.36) | 38,904 (67.21) | < 0.001 |
Hispanic | 31,535 (2.08) | 964 (1.67) | ||
Black | 266,147 (17.54) | 10,178 (17.58) | ||
Asian | 19,092 (1.26) | 508 (0.88) | ||
Native American | 43,271 (2.85) | 3362 (5.81) | ||
Other | 120,083 (7.91) | 3968 (6.86) | ||
Sex | Female | 774,225 (51.02) | 27,336 (47.23) | < 0.001 |
Male | 741,267 (48.85) | 30,518 (52.72) | ||
Other/undisclosed | 1857 (0.12) | 30 (0.05) | ||
Length of stay (hours) | 0 to 5 | 1,408,772 (92.84) | 51,538 (89.04) | < 0.001 |
6 to 11 | 91,484 (6.03) | 4905 (8.47) | ||
12 or more | 17,093 (1.13) | 1441 (2.49) | ||
Payer | Commercial other | 487,429 (32.12) | 16,044 (27.72) | < 0.001 |
Medicare or Medicaid | 491,449 (32.39) | 23,161 (40.01) | ||
Other governmental | 57,319 (3.78) | 2224 (3.84) | ||
Self-pay | 267,644 (17.64) | 10,080 (17.41) | ||
Others | 213,508 (14.07) | 6375 (11.01) | ||
History of hospital visits | 0 | 1,421,064 (93.65) | 49,523 (85.56) | < 0.001 |
1 | 70,773 (4.66) | 5155 (8.91) | ||
2 | 16,400 (1.08) | 1712 (2.96) | ||
3 or more | 9112 (0.60) | 1494 (2.58) | ||
Is index ED visit a revisit (within 72 h) of a previous encounter? | No | 1,463,245 (96.43) | 50,429 (87.12) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 54,104 (3.57) | 7455 (12.88) | ||
Previous ED visit | 0 | 1,051,707 (69.31) | 27,767 (47.97) | < 0.001 |
1 | 252,012 (16.61) | 10,311 (17.81) | ||
2 | 95,731 (6.31) | 5460 (9.43) | ||
3 or more | 117,899 (7.77) | 14,346 (24.78) | ||
History of return visits | 0 | 1,459,191 (96.17) | 47,481 (82.03) | < 0.001 |
1 | 39,372 (2.59) | 4317 (7.46) | ||
2 | 9389 (0.62) | 1829 (3.16) | ||
3 or more | 9397 (0.62) | 4257 (7.35) | ||
Number of medications | Less than 4 | 1,423,293 (93.80) | 52,342 (90.43) | < 0.001 |
4 or more | 94,056 (6.20) | 5542 (9.57) | ||
Season | Winter | 324,662 (21.40) | 12,281 (21.22) | 0.003 |
Spring | 364,282 (24.01) | 13,878 (23.98) | ||
Summer | 437,620 (28.84) | 17,082 (29.51) | ||
Fall | 390,785 (25.75) | 14,643 (25.30) | ||
Injuries and trauma | ||||
Injuries to the head (S00-S09) | No | 1,178,863 (77.69) | 42,170 (72.85) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 338,486 (22.31) | 15,714 (27.15) | ||
Injuries to the neck (S10-S19) | No | 1,323,354 (87.21) | 50,420 (87.11) | 0.442 |
Yes | 193,995 (12.79) | 7464 (12.89) | ||
Injuries to the thorax (S20-S29) | No | 1,354,255 (89.25) | 52,409 (90.54) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 163,094 (10.75) | 5475 (9.46) | ||
Injuries to the abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine, pelvis, and external genitals (S30-S39) | No | 1,336,251 (88.06) | 51,054 (88.20) | 0.326 |
Yes | 181,098 (11.94) | 6830 (11.80) | ||
Injuries to the shoulder and upper arm (S40-S49) | No | 1,380,266 (90.97) | 53,145 (91.81) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 137,083 (9.03) | 4739 (8.19) | ||
Injuries to the elbow and forearm (S50-S59) | No | 1,418,621 (93.49) | 53,603 (92.60) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 98,728 (6.51) | 4281 (7.40) | ||
Injuries to the wrist, hand, and fingers (S60-S69) | No | 1,242,857 (81.91) | 47,690 (82.39) | 0.003 |
Yes | 274,492 (18.09) | 10,194 (17.61) | ||
Injuries to the hip and thigh (S70-S79) | No | 1,438,356 (94.79) | 54,311 (93.83) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 78,993 (5.21) | 3573 (6.17) | ||
Injuries to the knee and lower leg (S80-S89) | No | 1,297,862 (85.53) | 50,337 (86.96) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 219,487 (14.47) | 7547 (13.04) | ||
Injuries involving multiple body regions(T07) | No | 1,467,511 (96.72) | 55,833 (96.46) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 49,838 (3.28) | 2051 (3.54) | ||
Injury of unspecified body region (T14-T14) | No | 1,438,869 (94.83) | 54,732 (94.55) | 0.004 |
Yes | 78,480 (5.17) | 3152 (5.45) | ||
Effects of foreign body entering through natural orifice (T15-T19) | No | 1,491,654 (98.31) | 57,218 (98.85) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 25,695 (1.69) | 666 (1.15) | ||
Burns and corrosions (T20-T32) | No | 1,495,027 (98.53) | 56,775 (98.08) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 22,322 (1.47) | 1109 (1.92) | ||
Poisoning by, adverse effect of, and underdosing of drugs, medicaments, and biological substances (T36-T50) | No | 1,478,655 (97.45) | 55,611 (96.07) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 38,694 (2.55) | 2273 (3.93) | ||
Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source (T51-T65) | No | 1,494,884 (98.52) | 56,899 (98.30) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 22,465 (1.48) | 985 (1.70) | ||
Other and unspecified effects of external causes (T66-T78) | No | 1,459,709 (96.20) | 54,995 (95.01) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 57,640 (3.80) | 2889 (4.99) | ||
Complications of surgical and medical care, not elsewhere classified (T80-T88) | No | 1,488,928 (98.13) | 55,404 (95.72) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 28,421 (1.87) | 2480 (4.28) | ||
Injuries to the ankle and foot (S90-S99) | No | 1,289,905 (85.01) | 50,655 (87.51) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 227,444 (14.99) | 7229 (12.49) | ||