Fig. 4

The patients were radiographically assessed using their preoperative weight-bearing X-rays. The overall limb alignment hip-knee-ankle angle (HKAA) was defined as the angle created by the hip center, center of the distal femoral notch, and center of the ankle talus. The lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA) was measured as the lateral angle between the distal femoral articular surface and the anatomical axis of the femur, while the medial proximal tibia angle (MPTA) was defined as the medial angle between the knee joint line of the tibia and axis line of the tibia