Table 3 The studies on pediatric epiphyseal ankle fractures and premature physeal closure (PPC)
Study | Number of patients (n) | Mean age (years) | Follow-up (years) | PPC (n) | Factors associated with PPC | Factors do not induce PPC | Malformation (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russo et al. [23] | 96 | 12.6 | Mean 0.6 | 40 | Mechanism of injury | Primary fracture displacement Associated distal fibular fracture | 1 |
Özgür Çiçekli et al. [9] | 24 | 12.3 | Mean 1.1 | 3 | Mechanism of injury | 0 | |
Leary et al. [24] | 124 | 12.5 | Mean 1.1 | 15 | Mechanism of injury Primary fracture displacement | 5 | |
Seel et al. [25] | 225 | 12.5 | Mean 5.7 | 12 | Associated distal fibular fracture Good anatomical reduction | Mechanism of injury Primary fracture displacement Residual displacement after reduction Treatment modality | 6 |
Cai et al. [2] | 286 | 11.7 | Mean 6.4 | 42 | Associated distal fibular fracture | Primary fracture displacement Residual displacement after reduction | 16 |
D’Angelo et al. [16] | 46 | 11 | More than 2 | 1 | Associated distal fibular fracture Good anatomical reduction | 1 | |
Schurz et al. [26] | 195 | 11.6 | Mean 0.2 | 1 | Good anatomical reduction | 1 |