Table 5 Patient-reported outcomes

ODI

54.2 ± 22.3

30.1 ± 21.4*

56.3 ± 21.3

31.7 ± 16.4*

− 24.6 ± 12.5

52.4 ± 17.6

33.2 ± 19.3*

− 19.2 ± 15.6

0.157

SF-36 Physical Health

33.6 ± 9.4

44.9 ± 7.6*

32.6 ± 7.8

45.7 ± 6.3*

13.0 ± 6.9

34.5 ± 5.7

44.3 ± 6.7*

9.8 ± 5.1

0.073

VAS of low back pain

6.7 ± 3.7

3.0 ± 3.2*

7.2 ± 3.5

2.9 ± 1.7*

− 4.3 ± 1.6

6.3 ± 3.1

3.2 ± 2.6*

− 3.1 ± 1.7

0.010

VAS of leg pain

7.9 ± 3.4

2.6 ± 2.5*

8.1 ± 2.2

2.4 ± 1.6*

− 5.7 ± 2.4

7.8 ± 2.7

2.9 ± 1.9*

− 4.9 ± 2.5

0.239