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Table 1 Basic data, demographics, and results of questionnaires in the scoliosis group and control group

From: Reliability and validity of the Spinal Appearance Questionnaire (SAQ) and the Trunk Appearance Perception Scale (TAPS)

Parameter

Scoliosis group

(n = 255)

Scoliosis subgroup for matched-pair analysis

(n = 189)

Controls for matched-pair analysis

(n = 189)

Age (years)

30.0 ± 16.7

33.6 ± 17.0

33.6 ± 17.0

Gender

 Male

38

17

17

 Female

217

172

172

Weight (kg)

63.1 ± 11.6

64.1 ± 11.9

67.7 ± 14.4b

Height (cm)

169.6 ± 9.5

168.7 ± 9.0

169.1 ± 7.1c

BMI (kg/m2)

22.0 ± 4.0

22.6 ± 4.2

23.6 ± 4.7d

Cobb angle (°)

43.5 ± 20.9

47.8 ± 20.3

–

Academic level

 Secondary school

13

11

2

 Junior high

65

47

18

 Technical college entry qualification

25

21

10

 High school

83

54

67

 University degree

69

56

92

Scoliosis treatmenta

 Physiotherapy

222

160

0

 Brace

182

127

0

 Surgery

84

73

0

SAQ total score (range 14, i.e., best, to 70, i.e., worst), sum score (mean, range 1, i.e., best, to 5, i.e., worst)

37.29 ± 10.72 (2.87 ± 0.85)

38.58 ± 11.15 (2.94 ± 0.88)

19.19 ± 5.06 (1.45 ± 0.50)e

SAQ Appearance (range 10, i.e., best, to 50, i.e., worst), sum score (mean, range 1, i.e., best, to 5, i.e., worst)

23.93 ± 7.59 (2.39 ± 0.76)

25.15 ± 7.83 (2.52 ± 0.78)

12.66 ± 2.49 (1.27 ± 0.25)e

SAQ Expectations (range 4, i.e., best, to 20, i.e., worst), sum score (mean, range 1, i.e., best, to 5, i.e., worst)

13.36 ± 4.86 (3.34 ± 1.21)

13.43 ± 4.87 (3.36 ± 1.22)

6.53 ± 3.43 (1.63 ± 0.86)e

TAPS (range 5, i.e., best, to 1, i.e., worst)

3.21 ± 0.89

3.07 ± 0.91

4.81 ± 0.31e

SRS 22-r score (range 5, i.e., best, to 1, i.e., worst)

 Overall mean

3.76 ± 0.61

  

 Function

3.89 ± 0.65

  

 Pain

3.90 ± 0.90

  

 Self-image

3.46 ± 0.75

  

 Mental health

3.77 ± 0.78

  

 Satisfaction

3.77 ± 0.98

  

Job-related worries (range 1, i.e., best, to 5, i.e., worst)

2.42 ± 1.24

  

Social life-related worries (range 1, i.e., best, to 5, i.e., worst)

2.75 ± 1.29

  

Overall stress (range 1, i.e., best, to 5, i.e., worst)

2.37 ± 1.12

  

VAS (pain) (range 0, i.e., best, to 10, i.e., worst)

4.20 ± 2.61

  

PANAS (mood) (range 10, i.e., best, to 50, i.e., worst)

13.94 ± 5.41

  

PHQ-9 (range 0, i.e., best, to 27, i.e., worst)

4.95 ± 4.63

  

FKS (body dysmorphic disorder) (range 0, i.e., best, to 64, i.e., worst)

12.17 ± 9.57

  

BFI-S (neuroticism) (range 1, i.e., best to 7, i.e., worst)

3.71 ± 1.52

  

PTQ (negative thinking) (range 0, i.e., best, to 48, i.e., worst)

18.99 ± 12.43

  

WHO-5 (well-being) (range 25, i.e., best, to 0, i.e., worst)

13.50 ± 5.75 (n = 133)f

  
  1. BMI body mass index, SAQ Spinal Appearance Questionnaire, TAPS Trunk Appearance Perception Scale, SRS Scoliosis Research Society, VAS visual analogue scale, PANAS Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire, BFI-S neuroticism subscale of the Big Five Inventory—short, FKS Fragebogen körperdysmorpher Symptome, Questionnaire on Body Dysmorphic Symptoms, PTQ Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire, WHO-5 The WHO-5 Well-Being Index
  2. aBinomials included
  3. bDifference in weight is significant (T = − 2.63, df = 376, P < 0.01); effect size is rather small (d = − 0.27)
  4. cDifference in height is not significant (T = − 0.50, df = 374, P = 0.62)
  5. dDifference in BMI is significant (T = − 2.24, df = 374, P = 0.03); effect size is rather small (d = − 0.23)
  6. eDifferences between scoliosis subgroup and controls are significant with P < .01, see the “Discriminate validity” section
  7. fOnly given during at the second time of measurement (retest)
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Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research

ISSN: 1749-799X