Fig. 3
From: Use of a life-size three-dimensional-printed spine model for pedicle screw instrumentation training
a Each 3D-printed spine model was mounted on the lumbar spine holder (Sawbones®, Vashon Island, WA, USA) to secure each vertebral body. b Synthetic polymer clay was placed surrounding the pedicle; thus, only the posterior surface anatomy could be seen, but the pedicle size or orientation could not be seen. c Two novice surgeons who had no experience of free-hand pedicle screw insertion technique were instructed of the technique by an experienced surgeon, and each inserted 10 pedicle screws for each lumbar spinal model