Table 2 Summary of significantly different outcomes between groups

Koh et al. (2013) [12]

TKA

C, P, PONV

Less PONV and pain in DA group, and no significant difference in complications

Fujii et al. (2005) [13]

TKA

C, PONV

8 mg and 16 mg DA causes Less PONV, but 4 mg DA doesn’t work

Jules-Elysee et al. (2011) [14]

TKA

C, F, I, L, P, PONV

Lower IL-6 level within 12 hrs after surgery, better ROM at discharge, but a higher serum glucose level on arrival to the PACU in HC group, no difference in pain relief, PONV, LOS and complications

McLawhorn et al. (2014) [15]

TKA

C, L, T

Lower levels of PAP and PF1.2 while a higher serum glucose level within the first day after surgery in HC group, no significant difference in complications and LOS

Jules-Elysee et al. (2012) [16]

TKA

C, F, I, L, P, PONV

Less pain and lower IL-6 level within 24 hrs after surgery, better ROM at discharge, but a higher serum glucose level within the first day after surgery in HC group, no difference in PONV, LOS and complications

Bergeron et al. (2009) [17]

THA

C, F, P

Similar results in pain, HHS scores and complications between groups at 6 weeks and 1 year postoperatively

Lunn et al. (2011) [20]

TKA

C, I, L, P, PONV

MP causes better outcomes in pain, CRP levels and PONV events, but no difference in complications and LOS

Backes et al. (2013) [21]

TKA/

THA

C, F, L, P, PONV

Significant pain relief, faster functional recovery, less PONV and earlier discharge in DA groups

Sculco et al. (2015) [22]

THA

C, I, L, P, T,

Less severe pain and lower IL-6 level while a higher serum glucose level in steroid group, no difference in the levels of PAP and PF1.2, LOS and complications

Lunn et al. (2013) [23]

THA

C, I, L, P, PONV

MP causes better outcomes in pain, CRP levels and PONV events, but no difference in complications and LOS

Kardash et al. (2007) [24]

THA

C,I,P, PONV

Less pain, PONV and lower CRP level in DA group, no difference in complications