Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutic target of biophysical stimulation for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

Table 1 In vitro effects of PEMF and SW on MSCs from different origins

MSCs origin	PEMF	ESWT
Bone marrow	Increased proliferation [40–43]	Increased proliferation [63]
	Enhanced osteogenic [41, 42, 44, 45] and chondrogenic [51] differentiation	Increased migration [63]
	Reduced production of inflammatory mediators [27]	Enhanced osteogenic differentiation [61–63]
Adipose tissue	Increased proliferation [52]	Enhanced osteogenic [71, 72] and adipogenic [72] differentiation
Adipose tissue	Enhanced chondrogenic [53] differentiation	Increased migratory ability [70]
Tendon tissue	Increased expression of tissue specific markers [56]	Increased expression of tissue specific markers [68, 69]
Tendon tissue	Increased production of trophic and anti-inflammatory mediators [56, 57]	Increased production of trophic and anti-inflammatory mediators [69]
Umbilical cord	Enhanced chondrogenic [54] differentiation	—
Endothelial tissue	—	Increased proliferation [64]
Endothelial tissue	—	Enhanced migration and homing to lesion sites [64, 65]

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