Table 3 Comparison of various bone grafts in several experimental and clinical studies

Emami et al. [50]

Radial bone defect

Iliac crest autograft and bone marrow plus the autograft

Experimental study in15 rabbits

Bone marrow plus the autograft caused high tolerance to maximum load and bending stiffness

Keskin et al. [11]

Ulnar bone defect

Autograft, bovine xenograft, and xenograft-autogenous bone marrow

Experimental study in 80 rabbits

Xenograft achieved the worst results. Combination of xenograft with autogenous bone marrow led to promising outcome

Pereira-Junior et al. [33]

Radial bone defect

Cancellous bone autograft vs. granular polyurethanes containing castor oil

Experimental study in 20 rabbits

Autograft showed higher and faster bone regeneration than castor oil-based polyurethane containing biocompatible and osteointegrative properties

Bigham et al. [3]

Radial bone defect

Fresh autogenous cortical bone vs. xenogenic bovine DBM

Experimental study in 20 rabbits

Fast healing without complications with xenogenic bovine DBM similar to autograft, but autograft group was superior to DBM only radiographically

Bigham et al. [51]

Radial bone defect

Xenogenic bovine DBM vs. xenogenic bovine fetal growth plate

Experimental study in 20 rabbits

With both grafting groups, healing was faster, despite the fetal growth plate which was radiographically superior to DBM

Shafiei et al. [14]

Radial bone defect

Fresh cortical autograft vs. fresh cortical allograft

Experimental study in 20 rabbits

Autograft was radiographically but not biomechanically and histopathologically superior to allograft

Athanasiou et al. [12]

Femoral condyle defect

Autogenous, allograft-DBM, bovine cancellous bone xenograft and calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate substitutes

Experimental study in 90 rabbits

The best results obtained with the use of autograft, followed by bovine xenografts, allograft, and ultimately, the other substitutes had similar results

Bansal et al. [4]

Tibial plateau fracture

Bovine cancellous xenograft

Clinical study, 19 patients

Obtained promising outcome, reduced operative time and bleeding good effects on bone healing

Putzier et al. [20]

Lumbar segmental spondylodesis

Autogenous vs. allogenic iliac crest cancellous bone graft

Clinical study, 40 patients

Both grafts attained equivalent fusion rate without implant complications and accordingly similar clinical outcome

Keles et al. [52]

Intraosseous periodontal defect

Combined autogenous cortical bone (ACB) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) vs. ACB alone

Clinical study, 12 patients

Both the two groups resulted in improvement in clinical and radiological characteristics

Thuaksuban et al. [63]

Alveolar cleft defect

Autogenous bone alone vs. autogenous bone with deproteinized bovine bone (DBB)

Clinical study, 30 patients

Duration of hospital stay, the average operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and post-operative pain were less; recovery was faster in patients receiving DBB with autogenous cancellous bone graft

Faldini et al. [53]

Aseptic forearm non-union

Bone allograft with plate

Clinical study, 14 patients

High forearm alignment rate and improved forearm function led to bone healing

Scaglione et al. [6]

Long bone non-union

Autologous concentrated bone marrow-derived cells combined with dried bone allograft (DBM)

Clinical study, 19 patients

Complete healing in 15 patients (78.9%)